Président de la République pendant le conflit, Poincaré souffre des limitations de sa fonction, notamment à partir du gouvernement de Clemenceau (novembre 1917). Mais dans les années 1920, il incarne encore une culture républicaine, renforcée par la victoire, et son retour aux affaires confirme son rôle d'homme providentiel : appuyé par la majorité de Bloc national, il redevient président du Conseil en janvier 1922 et, dans le but d'obtenir de l'Allemagne les « réparations », il fait occuper la Ruhr (janvier 1923) ; après l'échec du Cartel des gauches, il forme, en juillet 1926, un gouvernement d'union nationale et engage une politique de redressement financier à laquelle son nom est resté associé (franc Poincaré, en juin 1928). Son départ en juillet 1929 et sa mort en octobre 1934 coïncident, respectivement, avec la crise économique et une crise de la IIIe République, et marquent la fin d'une époque.
Poisons (affaire des),
retentissante affaire de magie et d'empoisonnement portée au jour en 1676.
Le 17 juillet, alors que les cendres de la marquise de Brinvilliers sont jetées au vent, les révélations qu'elle a faites lors de son procès ouvrent l'une des pages les plus noires de l'histoire de la monarchie. Les policiers de La Reynie mènent une enquête qui dévoile un monde de tireuses de cartes, de magiciens, d'avorteuses et d'empoisonneurs. Les arrestations se multiplient, dont celle de Catherine Deshayes, dite « la Voisin ». Déférée devant la « Chambre ardente » créée par le roi pour instruire cette affaire, « la Voisin » reste muette. Mais, au lendemain de son exécution en février 1680, sa fille révèle que Mme de Montespan se rendait chez sa mère et qu'une messe noire aurait été célébrée sur son ventre pour obtenir son retour en grâce auprès du monarque. Elle aurait même introduit des « poudres d'amour » dans la nourriture du roi. D'autres poudres, dites « de succession », auraient été utilisées, et de nombreux décès apparaissent comme suspects.
Au cours de la longue procédure judiciaire, les noms de nombreuses personnalités sont cités, dont ceux de deux nièces de Mazarin et même celui de Racine. Il est vrai que les accusés ont tout intérêt à dénoncer des proches du roi pour inciter celui-ci à étouffer l'affaire. Ainsi, Louis XIV ne peut condamner Mme de Montespan, qui lui a donné huit enfants. Lorsqu'il choisit de mettre un terme à l'instruction en septembre 1680, trente-quatre personnes ont néanmoins déjà été exécutées et cent cinquante autres attendent de comparaître. Elles seront enchaînées dans diverses forteresses jusqu'à la fin de leurs jours.
Cet épisode, qui mêle sans doute révélations authentiques, exagérations et calomnies, n'en révèle pas moins les troubles d'une société et les dérives d'une vie de cour où tous les procédés semblent bons pour faire triompher les ambitions individuelles.
Poissy (colloque de),
rencontre entre théologiens réformés et catholiques, qui se déroule sous les auspices de la régente Catherine de Médicis du 9 septembre au 14 octobre 1561, dans le couvent des dominicaines de Poissy.
Sur le modèle des colloques de Worms et de Ratisbonne (1540-1541), ce colloque vise à instaurer une concorde « à la française » entre confessions concurrentes, selon une approche nationale et œcuménique audacieuse, à un moment où le pape Paul IV vient d'appeler à une nouvelle session du concile général de Trente.
Le colloque s'inscrit dans le vaste programme de pacification des troubles religieux, lancé au printemps 1560 par Catherine de Médicis et son chancelier Michel de L'Hospital. À la suite des « pourparlers de Paris », conseil élargi à des parlementaires parisiens réuni au début de l'été 1561, la reine mère convoque l'assemblée. Trois groupes y participent : les « moyenneurs », tels que Claude d'Espence, Jean de Montluc et, dans une certaine mesure, le cardinal Charles de Lorraine ; les douze ministres réformés, menés par Théodore de Bèze qu'assiste Pierre-Martyr Vermigli ; les catholiques intransigeants, tels le cardinal de Tournon, le légat Hippolyte d'Este, et Diego Lainez, général de la Compagnie de Jésus. Les « moyenneurs » sont partisans d'un accommodement avec les calvinistes selon la formule d'une présence spirituelle du Christ dans la Cène, telle qu'elle apparaît dans la Confession d'Augsbourg (1530). Mais, dès la séance d'ouverture, Théodore de Bèze proclame que le corps du Christ « est éloigné du pain et du vin autant que le plus haut ciel est éloigné de la terre ». Ce « blasphème », aux yeux des prélats, empêche toute conciliation ultérieure. « Les uns et les autres, écrira le juriste et historien Étienne Pasquier quelques années plus tard, s'en sont alors retournés aussi sages et édifiés comme ils étaient arrivés. » La définition de l'eucharistie et de la transsubstantiation est si cruciale et sensible pour les parties en présence que le projet de concorde semble voué à l'échec. La méfiance est d'ailleurs profonde de part et d'autre. Calvin n'attend rien du colloque, et le Père Lainez rappelle que seul un concile réuni par le pape est apte à trancher des questions de foi. Malgré cet échec, la reine réunit une petite assemblée à Saint-Germain-en-Laye (28 janvier-11 février 1562) pour tenter de résoudre la querelle des images. En vain. Le rêve d'une entente chrétienne semble irréalisable.
Poitiers (bataille de) [732],
victoire de Charles Martel sur une expédition musulmane partie d'Espagne pour piller les sanctuaires chrétiens d'Aquitaine, qui a été longtemps considérée comme le coup d'arrêt définitif à la progression musulmane en Europe.
Depuis la conquête de l'Espagne en 711, les troupes berbères islamisées multiplient les incursions au-delà des Pyrénées. Entre 719 et 725, la Septimanie wisigothique est occupée. En 721, une armée musulmane assiège Toulouse et, en 725, un raid remonte la vallée du Rhône et parvient jusqu'à Autun. En 731, une expédition, conduite par le nouveau gouverneur d'Espagne, Abd ar-Rahman, écrase devant Bordeaux les troupes du prince de l'Aquitaine indépendante, Eudes, et le contraint à faire appel à Charles, maire du palais du royaume franc. Après avoir pris Poitiers, les troupes musulmanes se dirigent vers Tours, dans l'intention de piller la riche basilique de Saint-Martin. Mais, le 25 octobre 732, elles sont battues à Moussais par l'armée d'Eudes et de Charles : Abd ar-Rahman est tué et le reste de ses troupes repasse les Pyrénées.
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