À l'accumulation de ces facteurs d'ébranlement, il faut ajouter la francisation accélérée des groupes dirigeants depuis le XVIe siècle : plus spontanée qu'imposée jusqu'à la généralisation de l'enseignement primaire, elle finit par provoquer un réveil culturel incontestable, quoique limité, autour du félibrige (1854). De moindre conséquence, puisqu'il n'y a jamais eu d'art provençal à proprement parler, se révèle l'intensité de la vie artistique en Provence depuis le XVIe siècle. Elle associe un flot ininterrompu de visiteurs de tous horizons à une création locale abondante et honorable, dans tous les domaines. Mais les artistes provençaux de renom font carrière à l'extérieur (Puget, Fragonard...), ou n'utilisent les ressources régionales que comme matériau d'inspiration (Cézanne, Milhaud), tout comme les écrivains francophones d'origine provençale. Et, depuis un siècle, la Provence est devenue un haut lieu de l'art international.
La région s'est éveillée à la modernité après la Première et surtout la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le pays a été transformé en profondeur par les grands travaux, les industries nouvelles, le tourisme, l'explosion des activités culturelles, qui ont entraîné son quadrillage serré par les voies de communication et l'effondrement des activités traditionnelles. Parallèlement, l'afflux d'une main-d'œuvre et de nombreux cadres étrangers, ajouté à l'élévation du niveau de vie, a provoqué une urbanisation accélérée et suscité une demande de consommation culturelle standardisée. Les vitrines de l'ancienne province sont maintenant son littoral (secondairement, les montagnes orientales et la Camargue), devenu le secteur le plus actif, au détriment des vieux centres urbains de l'intérieur (qui, jusqu'à la fin du XIXe siècle ont été, avec Marseille, les moteurs de la vie provençale) et d'une agriculture de plus en plus menacée malgré son dynamisme.
L'histoire politique traduit cette évolution. Jusqu'à la Révolution, la Provence a été (comme le Comtat) pays d'états - administré par des assemblées représentatives, moins soumises qu'on ne l'a dit -, ressort de cours souveraines ombrageuses, terre de juristes fameux, voisine d'une communauté marseillaise rétive : la vie politique y a donc été assez originale. Depuis 1789, elle n'est plus que le reflet des grandes évolutions françaises, avec des balancements qui ne sont pas sans rappeler ceux du Languedoc voisin. À l'instar de ce dernier, la Provence tend à ne plus être qu'un cadre naturel pour un certain style de vie.
Provence (débarquement de),
débarquement de troupes alliées, essentiellement franco-américaines, sur les côtes de Provence, à l'est d'Hyères, le 15 août 1944.
En 1943, à Téhéran, les Alliés prennent la décision d'accompagner le débarquement principal qu'ils prévoient sur les côtes occidentales de la France d'une opération dans le Midi. Baptisée « Anvil », cette entreprise est destinée à prendre l'occupant en tenaille et à « tendre la main » aux éléments qui viendront de Normandie. Le plan « Anvil », étudié dès janvier 1944, est l'objet de nombreuses controverses, notamment avec Churchill, qui préfèrerait une offensive en direction de Vienne. Sa préparation est également contrariée par le manque de chalands de débarquement et le peu d'effectifs disponibles en raison de la campagne menée en Italie. Il est prévu de faire précéder l'opération d'une vaste offensive aérienne, qui doit neutraliser les défenses allemandes et couper les voies de communication, de prendre le contrôle du terrain entre le cap Nègre et Saint-Raphaël, tandis que des troupes aéroportées au Muy empêcheraient l'arrivée de renforts allemands. Le plan définitif, arrêté en juillet et rebaptisé « Dragoon », implique onze divisions alliées, dont l'armée B française, du général de Lattre de Tassigny, appuyées par 2 000 navires et 2 000 avions. En face, la 21e armée allemande ne dispose que de quelques médiocres unités, soutenues par moins de 200 avions, mais bénéficie d'un solide dispositif de fortifications.
L'assaut amphibie est lancé le 15 août, au matin. Les pertes des Alliés sont relativement faibles : moins de 320 tués. Le succès est quasiment total. Toulon et Marseille sont libérés avant la fin du même mois, très en avance sur les prévisions. Avant la mi-septembre, la jonction est opérée en Bourgogne avec les forces débarquées en Normandie.
PS (Parti socialiste),
parti fondé en 1971, qui incarne la tradition réformiste de la gauche française.
Après l'échec subi aux élections législatives de juin 1968, la gauche non communiste entame un cycle de refondation : la SFIO, dirigée par Guy Mollet, décide de s'effacer pour se fondre dans un nouveau parti socialiste, créé en 1969 par Alain Savary. Il s'agit d'une structure ouverte aux clubs de gauche du moment : l'UCRG (Union des clubs pour le renouveau de la gauche) d'Alain Savary, l'UGCS (Union des groupes et clubs socialistes) de Jean Poperen, le CERES (Centre d'études, de recherches et d'éducation socialistes) de Jean-Pierre Chevènement, puis, en 1971, la CIR (Convention des institutions républicaines) de François Mitterrand. En juin 1971, ce dernier parvient à s'imposer lors du congrès d'Épinay, qui marque le véritable acte de naissance du Parti socialiste.
Plus républicain que socialiste, François Mitterrand est néanmoins partisan d'une stratégie d'union de la gauche, qui aboutit à la signature du programme commun de gouvernement avec le Parti communiste (juin 1972). Le processus d'unification socialiste s'achève en octobre 1974, quand les partisans de Michel Rocard au PSU et des militants du mouvement syndical (CFDT) rejoignent le PS. Cette unification permet à la fois le redressement électoral de l'ensemble de la gauche et, en son sein, un rééquilibrage des forces au profit du PS. Allié au CERES, François Mitterrand voit sa position de premier secrétaire confortée lors du congrès de Metz (avril 1979), au détriment des rocardiens et des amis de Pierre Mauroy. La phase de la conquête du pouvoir s'achève avec la double victoire, présidentielle et législative, de 1981. Elle est confirmée en 1988, quand s'ouvre le second septennat de François Mitterrand.
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