Le procès de Cartouche et de ses complices, qui sera scandé par des vagues d'exécutions publiques, n'eut cependant pas l'effet escompté. Petit truand sans vocation justicière, Cartouche y gagna une envergure de grand criminel, fédérateur et chef suprême des voleurs parisiens. Il suscita curiosité et fascination, et celui qui n'aurait dû être qu'un bouc émissaire devint un héros. La littérature qui entoura l'affaire participa à cette « héroïsation », sans toutefois outrepasser les limites imposées par la censure. Ainsi, l'Histoire de la vie et du procès du fameux Louis Dominique Cartouche, livret anonyme publié en 1722, justifie la répression en décrivant une bande strictement organisée qui n'exista jamais. Cette biographie, largement imaginaire, offre cependant un portrait très ambivalent du bandit, meurtrier sanguinaire mais doté de qualités qui font les hommes d'exception : audace, intelligence, sens de l'organisation et du commandement. Appartenant à la bibliothèque bleue, cet ouvrage, qui connut un énorme succès dès sa parution, permit à Cartouche de s'inscrire dans la mémoire collective. Constamment réédité jusqu'en 1856, il servit par la suite de source principale aux érudits de la fin du XIXe siècle, qui reprirent à leur compte l'image mythique du bandit parisien. Plus récemment, le cinéma a contribué à réactiver la renommée de Cartouche en lui conférant, sous les traits de Jean-Paul Belmondo, une image plus franchement positive de bandit au grand cœur.
Casimir-Perier (Jean),
homme politique, président de la République du 27 juin 1894 au 15 janvier 1895 (Paris 1847 - id. 1907).
Petit-fils de Casimir Perier, chef de gouvernement de Louis-Philippe, fils d'un ministre de l'Intérieur de Thiers, il est aussi l'héritier de la majorité des actions des mines d'Anzin. À partir de 1876, Jean Casimir-Perier est député républicain de l'Aube, et sous-secrétaire d'État à l'Instruction publique de Dufaure, en 1877. Il incarne la fusion entre l'orléanisme et la république modérée, au point de démissionner de son siège de député en 1880 pour protester contre une loi privant les princes d'Orléans de leurs grades dans l'armée. Plusieurs fois ministre, président de la Chambre en 1893, puis chef du gouvernement, il entend rassembler les républicains modérés et les catholiques ralliés, contre la gauche radicale ou socialiste. Eugène Spuller, son ministre de l'Instruction publique, précise sa politique en parlant de « faire prévaloir en matière religieuse un véritable esprit de tolérance » : « l'esprit nouveau », qui répond au ralliement. Une bombe lancée par l'anarchiste Vaillant en pleine Chambre fournit l'occasion de faire voter ce que la gauche qualifie de « lois scélérates ». Ces dernières punissent de prison l'incitation au vol ou la provocation au meurtre, et transfèrent les délits de presse du jury populaire des assises aux tribunaux correctionnels. Elles contribuent au renversement de Casimir-Perier en mai 1894 ; il n'en retrouve pas moins la présidence de la Chambre, le 2 juin. Dans l'émotion qui suit l'assassinat de Sadi Carnot, il est élu président de la République, le 27 juin, contre le radical Brisson. Mais, à l'Élysée, il ne supporte ni les strictes limites que la tradition républicaine fixe à son action politique, ni sa mise à l'écart par les ministres, ni la campagne que la gauche mène pour dénoncer sa richesse et son autoritarisme. Il se plaint du manque « de moyens d'action et de contrôle », et d'une « campagne de diffamation et d'injures contre l'armée, la magistrature, le Parlement, le chef irresponsable de l'État ». Il affirme ne pas se résigner à « comparer le poids des responsabilités morales qui pèsent sur [lui] et l'impuissance à laquelle [il est] condamné », et démissionne le 15 janvier 1895, mettant, à 47 ans, un terme à sa vie politique. Au-delà de l'abaissement réel de la présidence depuis Grévy, ce qu'il dénonce en se comparant à un « maître des cérémonies », c'est aussi la politique de concentration au centre qui montre, avec lui, ses limites.
Cassel (bataille de),
victoire remportée, le 23 août 1328, par le roi de France Philippe VI de Valois sur les Flamands révoltés contre son vassal, le comte Louis de Nevers.
Depuis 1323, ce dernier assume le lourd héritage de son grand-père, Robert de Béthune, qui s'était engagé contre la couronne : d'abord victorieux, avec les milices urbaines, de la chevalerie française à Courtrai en 1302, il est contraint de capituler en 1305. À nouveau, de 1323 à 1328, les couches moyennes des populations urbaines et rurales mènent, contre les hiérarchies et la fiscalité, un combat essentiellement d'ordre social. Débordé, Louis de Nevers fait appel à Philippe VI, lors du sacre de ce dernier à Reims, à la fin de mai 1328. Le roi de France, élu par ses barons à la mort du dernier fils de Philippe le Bel, est alors en quête de légitimité, et voit là l'occasion de la conquérir par les armes. La présence de l'oriflamme, qu'il est allé retirer à Saint-Denis, donne à sa campagne un sens quasi religieux : il engage l'avenir de sa couronne.
À Cassel, les barons français vengent le massacre subi à Courtrai en 1302, décapitant les insurgés du haut de leurs montures ; Philippe VI remporte, quant à lui, une victoire personnelle en affrontant l'épreuve des armes. Cassel apparaît ainsi comme un jugement de Dieu. Protecteur de l'autorité comtale bafouée, Philippe VI est avant tout le garant de l'ordre aristocratique, celui que défendent les barons qui viennent de lui donner sa couronne.
Cassin (René),
juriste (Bayonne 1887 - Paris 1976).
René Cassin est l'une des figures marquantes de la lutte pour les droits de l'homme. Issu d'une famille juive, il devient professeur de droit, après avoir combattu pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Cette expérience le conduit à militer pour la reconnaissance des droits des anciens combattants, et, surtout, à promouvoir la paix et le règlement pacifique des conflits. De 1924 à 1938, il représente la France auprès de la Société des nations. Pacifiste réaliste, antimunichois, René Cassin rejoint le général de Gaulle à Londres en juin 1940, et met ses compétences juridiques au service de la France libre. Il participe également à la Commission interalliée sur les crimes de guerre (1943-1945). Membre de l'Assemblée consultative d'Alger en septembre 1944, vice-président du Conseil d'État en novembre, il travaille en 1945 à la création de l'UNESCO. Mais c'est surtout son engagement en faveur des droits de l'homme qui marque l'immédiat après-guerre : rédacteur de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme adoptée par les Nations unies en 1948, il œuvre à l'élaboration de la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme, et à la constitution de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme, dont il est le premier président, en 1965. De 1960 jusqu'à sa mort, il siège au Conseil constitutionnel. L'attribution du prix Nobel de la paix en 1968 vient couronner son combat pour le respect de la personne humaine. Le 5 octobre 1987, son corps est transféré au Panthéon.
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