Ce traité, qui met aussi fin au premier grand conflit terrestre et maritime du siècle, met en évidence l'affaiblissement de la France, qui, bien que victorieuse, n'en tire pas le profit qu'en aurait tiré un diplomate du XVIIe siècle.
Alamans,
groupement de tribus germaniques qui participent aux Grandes Invasions.
Apparus pour la première fois dans l'histoire de l'Occident au IIIe siècle, les Alamans se heurtent à l'Empire romain, qui les contient derrière le Rhin, entre le Main et le lac de Constance. Ils franchissent le Rhin lors de la grande invasion qui débuta le 31 décembre 406. Implantés en Alsace, dans le Palatinat et en Suisse orientale, ils cherchent, à la fin du Ve siècle, à étendre leur royaume, et se heurtent à leurs voisins francs et burgondes. Clovis, roi des Francs, est vainqueur des Alamans à la bataille de Tolbiac (aujourd'hui Zülpich) en 496. Cette bataille marque un tournant dans le règne de Clovis, qui décide de se convertir au christianisme peu de temps après. Dix ans plus tard, le roi des Francs remporte une seconde victoire contre les Alamans, qui, dès lors, paient tribut aux Mérovingiens.
Aux VIe et VIIe siècles, les Alamans constituent un duché autonome, dont le duc est nommé par le roi mérovingien d'Austrasie. Seul Dagobert, roi mérovingien de Neustrie, renverse cette tradition. À sa mort, les Alamans se libèrent du joug franc et reprennent leur autonomie. Au VIIIe siècle, Charles Martel et ses descendants doivent entreprendre de nouvelles campagnes contre eux. Carloman, frère de Pépin le Bref, met un terme aux soulèvements répétés des Alamans en 746. Leur duché est alors intégré au royaume des Francs, et divisé en deux comtés, confiés à des Francs. Convertis tardivement au christianisme par des moines irlandais, les Alamans du royaume franc conservent un sentiment particulariste, renforcé par la « loi des Alamans », rédigée au cours du VIIe siècle et demeurée longtemps en vigueur.
Au partage de Verdun de 843, les Alamans passent sous la domination de Louis le Germanique. Ils sont désormais les voisins des Francs, qui, par extension, donneront le nom d'Allemagne à toute la Germanie.
Alaric II,
roi des Wisigoths de 484 à 507 ( ? - Vouillé 507).
Fils et successeur du roi Euric, Alaric II hérite en 484 du royaume wisigothique, qui connaît alors sa plus grande extension. La domination des Wisigoths couvre, en effet, la péninsule Ibérique (sauf le Portugal) et un bon tiers de la Gaule, des Pyrénées à la Loire, de l'Atlantique au Rhône. Contemporain de Clovis, Alaric II compose d'abord avec la nouvelle puissance franque en lui livrant Syagrius, dernier représentant de l'autorité romaine en Gaule. Il lui faut encore manœuvrer entre les Burgondes et les Francs pour préserver son autonomie. Mais, Barbare et arien (donc hérétique) dans un monde gallo-romain et nicéen (catholique), il ne peut compter, contrairement à Clovis, sur le soutien des évêques et des élites gallo-romaines. Cependant, il tente de mener une politique de fusion des élites et des populations. Aussi édicte-t-il en 506, pour ses sujets gallo-romains, un ensemble de lois - le Bréviaire d'Alaric - qui simplifie le Code civil romain et jette un premier pont entre loi romaine et loi wisigothique. Cet effort n'est pourtant pas suffisant aux yeux des élites gallo-romaines catholiques, attirées par le royaume franc de Clovis, baptisé dans la foi nicéenne. De fait, la majorité des populations d'Aquitaine est ralliée à Clovis dès 500. Menacé au nord par les Francs, à l'est par les Burgondes, au sud-est par les Ostrogoths, trahi de l'intérieur, Alaric II trouve la mort à la bataille de Vouillé (507). Clovis, qui bénéficie de l'appui de tout le clergé de la Gaule, conquiert alors avec ses Francs le royaume des Wisigoths jusqu'aux Pyrénées. Ces derniers se retirent en Espagne. Seule demeure en Gaule une poche wisigothique autour de Narbonne et de Béziers, la Septimanie, qui gardera longtemps le nom de Gothie.
Après avoir effectué son tour de France, Albert exerce l'activité de mécanicien modeleur à Paris, sous la monarchie de Juillet. Même s'il compte dans les années 1840 parmi les cadres du mouvement républicain en sa qualité de dirigeant de société secrète, son entrée dans le Gouvernement provisoire en 1848 peut surprendre. Vice-président de la commission du gouvernement pour les travailleurs (dite « commission du Luxembourg »), il joue un rôle politique limité dans le sillage direct de Louis Blanc. La portée symbolique de sa présence est en revanche considérable : il est le seul ouvrier d'un gouvernement bourgeois. Élu à l'Assemblée constituante, il ne siège que quelques jours : il se compromet lors de la crise du 15 mai 1848, ce qui lui vaut la prison, puis un procès en Haute Cour l'année suivante. À la première audience, il arbore fièrement un gilet blanc « à la Robespierre » et refuse de se défendre. Condamné à la déportation - peine maximale en matière politique -, il reste détenu dix ans. À sa libération, il trouve une modeste place d'employé du gaz. Il essuie deux échecs électoraux sous la IIIe République, à l'Assemblée en 1871, puis au Sénat en 1879. Il meurt à 80 ans. La République prend à sa charge les frais de ses funérailles, qui sont suivies par des milliers de personnes. Elle rend de la sorte un ultime hommage à ce quarante-huitard retombé dans un anonymat presque complet.
Albert (Marcelin),
militant politique (Argeliers, Aude, 1851 - id. 1921).
Cet ancien vigneron, devenu cafetier dans sa ville natale, incarne la révolte viticole de 1907. Son charisme - Albert s'est autrefois adonné au théâtre - lui confère un pouvoir de persuasion exceptionnel, à défaut d'un sens politique. Rien, dans les premières semaines du mouvement, ne semble résister à la parole envoûtante du « chef des gueux », du « rédempteur », de l'« apôtre », de ce « cigalou » qui, telle une cigale, grimpe aux platanes pour s'adresser aux foules. Face à la crise viticole, Albert crée un « comité d'initiative », en avril 1907, qui se dote d'un journal, le Tocsin. Ce comité n'a qu'un objectif : mettre un terme à la fraude (la chaptalisation des vins), seule responsable de la mévente aux yeux des vignerons. Dès le 5 mai, Marcelin Albert parvient à réunir 70 000 manifestants à Narbonne, dont le maire socialiste, Ernest Ferroul, devient le principal chef de file. La tension monte vite : le 9 juin, on compte plus de 500 000 manifestants à Montpellier ; les 19 et 20 juin, la troupe tire sur la foule et fait six morts. Albert, menacé d'arrestation, prend la fuite. Renonçant à une action spectaculaire qu'il avait envisagée - entrer soudainement à la Chambre, grâce à l'appui d'un député de l'Aude -, il rend visite à Clemenceau le 23 juin. Le président du Conseil parvient facilement à discréditer son interlocuteur en lui payant son voyage de retour, et en le faisant savoir. Le 26, Marcelin Albert se constitue prisonnier à la demande du comité. Ainsi s'achève sa fortune historique.
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