Des suspects sont arrêtés comme tels depuis août 1792, mais leur nombre s'accroît nettement après la loi du 17 septembre : jusqu'en août 1794, environ 500 000 « suspects » sont emprisonnés. Ils sont ensuite jugés par le Tribunal révolutionnaire ; mais nombreux sont ceux qui attendent en prison, pour des périodes plus ou moins longues (huit mois en moyenne à Paris), avant d'être libérés sans procès, sur ordre des comités révolutionnaires ou du Comité de sûreté générale. Dans la capitale, les arrestations de « suspects » sont particulièrement importantes à l'automne 1793 et au printemps 1794 ; mais, dès juillet 1794, le nombre des libérations est supérieur à celui des arrestations. Après le 9 thermidor an II (27 juillet 1994), on observe un mouvement de libérations massif. Bien qu'elle ait perdu de sa substance, la loi n'est cependant supprimée qu'à l'automne 1795.
suzeraineté,
pouvoir féodal suprême exercé par le roi de France.
Issu du latin populaire superanus (« supérieur », « le plus élevé »), le terme « suzerain » désigne au Moyen Âge un puissant seigneur dont les vassaux possèdent eux-mêmes des vassaux ; de ce fait, ce « seigneur de seigneurs » est au sommet d'une pyramide féodale. Le suzerain par excellence est évidemment le roi de France, pour lequel les juristes forgent le concept de suzeraineté.
Les Carolingiens avaient cherché à utiliser la vassalité pour s'attacher la fidélité des potentats locaux mais, aux Xe et XIe siècles, la dissociation accélérée des pouvoirs publics fait perdre au roi le contrôle des clientèles féodales. À partir du XIIe siècle, la suzeraineté apparaît comme l'un des instruments de reconquête du pouvoir royal. « Suprême seigneur fieffeux » qui ne peut lui-même être le vassal de quiconque, le roi exige l'hommage prioritaire des grands feudataires du royaume, y compris ceux qui, comme les comtes de Flandre ou de Toulouse, dépendent théoriquement de l'empereur germanique ou du roi d'Angleterre. Utilisant pleinement les ressources du droit féodal, il n'hésite pas à retirer leurs fiefs aux vassaux récalcitrants comme le roi d'Angleterre Jean sans Terre, qui se voit confisquer par Philippe Auguste la Normandie, l'Anjou, le Maine et le Poitou en 1202. Ainsi se constitue ce qu'on peut appeler une « monarchie féodale ».
Au XIIIe siècle, la notion de « suzeraineté » glisse progressivement vers celle de « souveraineté » (fondée d'ailleurs sur la même racine latine). Les légistes d'alors, nourris de droit romain, étendent la protection suzeraine du roi à tous les habitants du royaume non engagés dans les liens vassaliques : au nom du principe que nul ne peut être sans seigneur, ces derniers sont désormais considérés comme les sujets du souverain, ainsi placé au-dessus de la hiérarchie féodale. La suzeraineté n'en disparaît pas pour autant, et ses principes continuent d'être invoqués durant l'Ancien Régime. C'est au nom de ceux-ci qu'est prononcée en 1523 la confiscation du fief du connétable de Bourbon, qui a trahi François Ier ; de même, les impôts levés sur les boissons conservent pendant longtemps le vieux nom féodal d'« aides », et l'on cherche périodiquement à réanimer le ban et l'arrière-ban. Jusqu'à la Révolution, la Chambre des comptes ne cesse d'enregistrer les actes d'hommage et de foi exigés de tout nouveau vassal par un roi décidément attaché à sa suzeraineté.
Syagrius Afranius,
chef militaire romain de Gaule du Nord qui, à la fin du Ve siècle, contrôle la région comprise entre la Loire et la Seine.
Syagrius appartient à une vieille famille aristocratique gallo-romaine. À la mort de son père, le général Aegidius (464), il prend le commandement de la grande armée d'intervention en Gaule du Nord. Avant même la disparition du dernier empereur d'Occident (476), il exerce déjà le pouvoir de manière totalement indépendante en Gaule Lyonnaise et sur une partie de la Gaule Belgique. Depuis Soissons, sa capitale, il maintient les cadres administratifs romains, contrôle les biens fiscaux, prélève les impôts et soutient les évêques catholiques à la tête des cités.
À l'imitation de son père, Syagrius accepte de collaborer avec les élites barbares installées à l'intérieur du limes. Il s'allie d'abord au roi franc Childéric Ier. Mais, dans la rivalité qui oppose les Francs aux Wisigoths pour la domination de la Gaule, Syagrius choisit finalement le camp gothique du roi Alaric II - qui domine l'Espagne, l'Aquitaine et la Septimanie -, et se heurte bientôt au fils et successeur de Childéric, Clovis. L'arianisme des Wisigoths détourne cependant de lui les élites catholiques, en particulier les évêques. En 486, une rapide campagne de Clovis, uni aux autres chefs francs saliens - ses parents - et aux Francs Rhénans, aboutit à la défaite de Syagrius lors de la bataille de Soissons et à son exil auprès d'Alaric II. Ce dernier finit par le livrer à Clovis, qui le fait assassiner. La mort de Syagrius marque la disparition de la dernière forme de pouvoir romain en Gaule.
Sylvestre II (Gerbert d'Aurillac),
savant et ecclésiastique, pape de 999 à 1003 (Auvergne 945/950 - Rome 1003).
Issu d'un milieu modeste, Gerbert entre au monastère Saint-Géraud d'Aurillac, qu'il quitte en 967 pour suivre le comte Borell en Catalogne, où il étudie le quadrivium (arithmétique, géométrie, musique, astronomie). De Rome, où il a accompagné Borell et l'évêque de Vich et où il rencontre la famille impériale, il gagne Reims (972), où il devient écolâtre. Sa renommée de pédagogue est vite établie. En 982 ou 983, l'empereur Otton II lui offre l'abbaye de Bobbio, qui possède alors l'une des plus grandes bibliothèques d'Occident (sa vie durant, il reste fidèle aux Ottoniens). Il ne tarde pas à la quitter, après la mort de son protecteur, et reprend son enseignement à Reims (984-989), comptant parmi ses élèves le futur roi Robert II le Pieux. Il joue aux côtés de l'archevêque de Reims Adalbéron un rôle important dans l'élection d'Hugues Capet (987). Il doit pourtant traverser une période confuse après la mort du prélat (janvier 989), avant d'être promu au siège archiépiscopal de Reims (juin 991). Contesté par ses ennemis et par la papauté, Gerbert finit par quitter Reims en acceptant l'invitation que lui fait le jeune empereur Otton III de devenir son précepteur. Otton est à l'origine de sa nomination comme archevêque de Ravenne (avril 998), puis comme pape - sous le nom de Sylvestre II (avril 999). Le nouveau souverain pontife, qui a été, du reste, un partisan de la restauration impériale, collabore étroitement avec l'empereur. Contraint de quitter Rome devenue peu sûre (février 1001), il y revient après la mort d'Otton et s'y éteint le 12 mai 1003.
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