• Face à autant d'ambitions maritimes, Colbert, chargé des marines du Levant et du Ponant depuis janvier 1661 - en attendant d'être secrétaire d'État à la Marine en 1669 -, décide de perdre Fouquet. Après la mort de Mazarin (7 mars 1661), il convainc le roi de mettre fin à la puissance du surintendant. Une légion d'ouvriers travaille à Belle-Isle pour Fouquet, et la mère de ce dernier a des amis protestants. Or, deux ans après avoir pardonné au frondeur Condé, Louis XIV ne peut courir le risque d'une nouvelle insurrection, menée cette fois à partir de Belle-Isle. D'autres ports n'ont-ils pas été naguère des foyers de rébellion (La Rochelle en 1621-1628, Brouage en 1649-1653) ? Aussi, Colbert dépêche-t-il Duquesne à Concarneau : dix vaisseaux du surintendant sont saisis et 70 canons mis sous séquestre (le roi, à Rocroi, en 1643, n'en avait que 14 !).
Fouquet fut donc puni, non pour avoir fait le mal mais parce qu'il était susceptible d'en faire. Nombre d'historiens, trop influencés par des personnalités de l'époque - certaines favorables à Fouquet, tels Lefèvre d'Ormesson, La Fontaine, Saint-Évremond, Mme de Sévigné, Melle de Scudéry, Pellisson ; d'autres hostiles, tels Henri Pussort (oncle de Colbert) ou Denis Talon –, n'ont pas compris que l'« affaire Fouquet » était liée à la détermination de Colbert de devenir - comme Richelieu - le maître du littoral. La lutte acharnée qu'a livrée la « couleuvre à l'écureuil » (Fouquets signifie « écureuil » en patois angevin) était, en réalité, le prolongement de celle menée par Richelieu contre les amiraux de Vendôme, de Guise et de Montmorency pour exactement la même raison. Richelieu et Colbert parvinrent, difficilement, à satisfaire leurs ambitions maritimes. Fouquet, pour avoir eu la même volonté, acheva sa vie à Pignerol.
Fouquier-Tinville (Antoine Quentin),
magistrat (Hérouel, Aisne, 1746 - Paris 1795).
Accusateur public auprès du Tribunal révolutionnaire, réputé pour son extrême sévérité et son attitude sans nuances, Fouquier-Tinville compte parmi les figures les plus honnies de la Révolution.
Ancien procureur au Châtelet (1774-1783), membre du jury d'accusation du Tribunal du 17 août (1792), puis substitut de l'accusateur public au tribunal criminel du département de Paris, il est désigné par la Convention pour siéger au Tribunal révolutionnaire, en avril 1793. Depuis son bureau de la Conciergerie, il étudie les dossiers des prévenus et rédige les actes d'accusation, une tâche qui nécessite l'assistance de cinq substituts avec l'application de la « loi des suspects » (17 septembre 1793). Rouage essentiel des grands procès politiques de l'an II, notamment de celui des partisans de Danton (avril 1794), où les accusés sont exclus des débats, Fouquier-Tinville est aussi l'homme des « fournées » consécutives à la loi du 22 prairial an II (10 juin 1794), qui simplifie la procédure du Tribunal et institue la Grande Terreur, durant laquelle, selon ses propres termes, « les têtes tombaient comme des ardoises ». Secondant le Comité de sûreté générale dans le conflit qui l'oppose au Comité de salut public, il dispose d'agents dans les prisons qui dénoncent des conspirations imaginaires permettant d'éliminer plus sûrement nombre de prisonniers. Devenu le symbole de la Terreur, l'accusateur public est arrêté le 14 thermidor an II (1er août 1794), au lendemain de la chute de Robespierre - contre lequel il a requis la mort -, et se défend en se présentant comme un simple exécutant. Il est guillotiné le 6 mai 1795, en place de Grève, avec d'autres membres du Tribunal.
Fourcroy (Antoine François, comte de),
chimiste et homme politique (Paris 1755 - id. 1809).
Il est l'un des quatre rédacteurs de la Nouvelle méthode de nomenclature chimique (1787), et on lui doit une importante contribution à la théorie de l'éthérification, ainsi que la première description de l'urée en 1799. Au-delà de son apport scientifique à la chimie moderne, Fourcroy est surtout représentatif de la génération des savants qui, par leur parcours intellectuel et par leur carrière politique, ont contribué à associer des savoirs scientifiques novateurs aux formes contemporaines du pouvoir issues de la Révolution.
Né dans une famille de petite noblesse sur le déclin, il fait ses études de médecine à Paris, grâce aux encouragements et au soutien de l'anatomiste Félix Vicq d'Azyr. Docteur en 1780, il s'oriente rapidement vers la chimie, et, dès lors, poursuit ses travaux dans des institutions qui, en marge d'une université devenue archaïque, sont ouvertes aux conceptions modernes : la Société royale de médecine (1780), l'École vétérinaire d'Alfort (1783), le Jardin du roi (1784), l'Académie des sciences (1785), le Lycée (1787).
À partir de 1789, son engagement politique prend le pas sur ses recherches : il est associé à différentes commissions entre 1789 et 1792, et devient député de la Convention nationale le 22 juillet 1793, en remplacement de Marat, assassiné le 13. Dans les années suivantes, membre du Comité d'instruction publique et du Comité de salut public, il joue un rôle important dans l'organisation de l'Instruction publique : il est ainsi à l'origine de l'École polytechnique et des Écoles de santé en 1794 (dans lesquelles il occupe la chaire de chimie), de l'Institut, en 1795, et des Écoles centrales. Membre du Conseil des Anciens sous le Directoire, il entre au Conseil d'État sous le Consulat. Il poursuit alors parallèlement ses activités de réformateur scolaire et de chimiste, publiant les résultats des travaux qu'il mène avec Nicolas Vauquelin. Napoléon le fait comte d'Empire en 1808, consacrant ainsi, à travers lui et quelques autres, l'intégration de la science aux fondements idéologiques du pouvoir public.
Fourier (Charles),
écrivain et théoricien socialiste (Besançon 1772 - Paris 1837).
Né dans un milieu de commerçants aisés - son père est marchand de draps, et préside le tribunal de commerce de Besançon -, Fourier prend vite en horreur la profession, cette « bergerie mercantile » qui nécessite tricheries et menteries. Pour subvenir à ses besoins, il doit pourtant en accepter les lois. Installé à Lyon grâce à la fortune de son père, il se spécialise dans les denrées exotiques. En 1793, il prend part à l'insurrection fédéraliste de Lyon ; il voit ses marchandises détruites par les troupes de la Convention qui s'emparent de la ville, et est arrêté. À sa libération, il est complètement ruiné, et doit affronter une vie difficile, faite d'aventures diverses - il est soldat au 8e régiment de chasseurs à cheval, ou salarié du commerce.
>
We Care About Your Privacy
We and our 887 partners store and access personal data, like browsing data or unique identifiers, on your device. Selecting "I Accept" enables tracking technologies to support the purposes shown under "we and our partners process data to provide," whereas selecting "Reject All" or withdrawing your consent will disable them. If trackers are disabled, some content and ads you see may not be as relevant to you. You can resurface this menu to change your choices or withdraw consent at any time by clicking the ["privacy preferences"] link on the bottom of the webpage [or the floating icon on the bottom-left of the webpage, if applicable]. Your choices will have effect within our Website. For more details, refer to our Privacy Policy.
We and our partners process data to provide:
Use precise geolocation data. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Store and/or access information on a device. Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development.
About Your Privacy
Your Privacy
Targeting Cookies
Functional Cookies
Performance Cookies
Strictly Necessary Cookies
Store and/or access information on a device 718 partners can use this purpose
Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development 854 partners can use this purpose
Use precise geolocation data 271 partners can use this special feature
Actively scan device characteristics for identification 139 partners can use this special feature
Ensure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix errors 551 partners can use this special purpose
Deliver and present advertising and content 553 partners can use this special purpose
Match and combine data from other data sources 391 partners can use this feature
Link different devices 347 partners can use this feature
Identify devices based on information transmitted automatically 523 partners can use this feature
Save and communicate privacy choices 376 partners can use this special purpose
Your Privacy
We process your data to deliver content or advertisements and measure the delivery of such content or advertisements to extract insights about our website. We share this information with our partners on the basis of consent. You may exercise your right to consent, based on a specific purpose below or at a partner level in the link under each purpose. Some vendors may process your data based on their legitimate interests, which does not require your consent. You cannot object to tracking technologies placed to ensure security, prevent fraud, fix errors, or deliver and present advertising and content, and precise geolocation data and active scanning of device characteristics for identification may be used to support this purpose. This exception does not apply to targeted advertising. These choices will be signaled to our vendors participating in the Transparency and Consent Framework.
More information
Targeting Cookies
These cookies may be set through our site by our advertising partners. They may be used by those companies to build a profile of your interests and show you relevant adverts on other sites. They do not store directly personal information, but are based on uniquely identifying your browser and internet device. If you do not allow these cookies, you will experience less targeted advertising.
Functional Cookies
These cookies enable the website to provide enhanced functionality and personalisation. They may be set by us or by third party providers whose services we have added to our pages. If you do not allow these cookies then some or all of these services may not function properly.
Performance Cookies
These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance.
Strictly Necessary Cookies
Always Active
These cookies are necessary for the website to function and cannot be switched off in our systems. They are usually only set in response to actions made by you which amount to a request for services, such as setting your privacy preferences, logging in or filling in forms. You can set your browser to block or alert you about these cookies, but some parts of the site will not then work. These cookies do not store any personally identifiable information.
Store and/or access information on a device 718 partners can use this purpose
Cookies, device or similar online identifiers (e.g. login-based identifiers, randomly assigned identifiers, network based identifiers) together with other information (e.g. browser type and information, language, screen size, supported technologies etc.) can be stored or read on your device to recognise it each time it connects to an app or to a website, for one or several of the purposes presented here.
Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development 854 partners can use this purpose
Use limited data to select advertising 668 partners can use this purpose
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times an ad is presented to you).
Create profiles for personalised advertising 533 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (such as forms you submit, content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (for example, information from your previous activity on this service and other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (that might include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present advertising that appears more relevant based on your possible interests by this and other entities.
Use profiles to select personalised advertising 531 partners can use this purpose
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on your advertising profiles, which can reflect your activity on this service or other websites or apps (like the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects.
Create profiles to personalise content 238 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (for instance, forms you submit, non-advertising content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (such as your previous activity on this service or other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (which might for example include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present content that appears more relevant based on your possible interests, such as by adapting the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find content that matches your interests.
Use profiles to select personalised content 212 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on your content personalisation profiles, which can reflect your activity on this or other services (for instance, the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects. This can for example be used to adapt the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find (non-advertising) content that matches your interests.
Measure advertising performance 775 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which advertising is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine how well an advert has worked for you or other users and whether the goals of the advertising were reached. For instance, whether you saw an ad, whether you clicked on it, whether it led you to buy a product or visit a website, etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of advertising campaigns.
Measure content performance 388 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which content is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine whether the (non-advertising) content e.g. reached its intended audience and matched your interests. For instance, whether you read an article, watch a video, listen to a podcast or look at a product description, how long you spent on this service and the web pages you visit etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of (non-advertising) content that is shown to you.
Understand audiences through statistics or combinations of data from different sources 489 partners can use this purpose
Reports can be generated based on the combination of data sets (like user profiles, statistics, market research, analytics data) regarding your interactions and those of other users with advertising or (non-advertising) content to identify common characteristics (for instance, to determine which target audiences are more receptive to an ad campaign or to certain contents).
Develop and improve services 582 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service, such as your interaction with ads or content, can be very helpful to improve products and services and to build new products and services based on user interactions, the type of audience, etc. This specific purpose does not include the development or improvement of user profiles and identifiers.
Use limited data to select content 144 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type, or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times a video or an article is presented to you).
Use precise geolocation data 271 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, your precise location (within a radius of less than 500 metres) may be used in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Actively scan device characteristics for identification 139 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, certain characteristics specific to your device might be requested and used to distinguish it from other devices (such as the installed fonts or plugins, the resolution of your screen) in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Ensure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix errors 551 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Your data can be used to monitor for and prevent unusual and possibly fraudulent activity (for example, regarding advertising, ad clicks by bots), and ensure systems and processes work properly and securely. It can also be used to correct any problems you, the publisher or the advertiser may encounter in the delivery of content and ads and in your interaction with them.
Deliver and present advertising and content 553 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Certain information (like an IP address or device capabilities) is used to ensure the technical compatibility of the content or advertising, and to facilitate the transmission of the content or ad to your device.
Match and combine data from other data sources 391 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Information about your activity on this service may be matched and combined with other information relating to you and originating from various sources (for instance your activity on a separate online service, your use of a loyalty card in-store, or your answers to a survey), in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Link different devices 347 partners can use this feature
Always Active
In support of the purposes explained in this notice, your device might be considered as likely linked to other devices that belong to you or your household (for instance because you are logged in to the same service on both your phone and your computer, or because you may use the same Internet connection on both devices).
Identify devices based on information transmitted automatically 523 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it automatically sends when accessing the Internet (for instance, the IP address of your Internet connection or the type of browser you are using) in support of the purposes exposed in this notice.
Save and communicate privacy choices 376 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
The choices you make regarding the purposes and entities listed in this notice are saved and made available to those entities in the form of digital signals (such as a string of characters). This is necessary in order to enable both this service and those entities to respect such choices.