Dans la première moitié du Ve millénaire, des populations néolithiques appartenant à l'autre courant de colonisation - celui venu par le bassin du Danube - prennent pied dans l'est de la France puis dans le Bassin parisien. Cette nouvelle culture est appelée « rubané » (ou « culture de la céramique linéaire »), en raison des décors géométriques gravés sur les poteries avant cuisson. Les villages du rubané sont beaucoup mieux connus que ceux du cardial, notamment parce qu'ils se composent de maisons de bois et de terre massives, pouvant atteindre 45 mètres de long.
Ces deux courants de colonisation se rejoignent dans la partie centrale de la France, vers la moitié du Ve millénaire. Cette rencontre marque aussi, à l'échelle de l'Europe, la fin de la colonisation néolithique. L'espace étant désormais restreint, les premiers phénomènes de tension et de hiérarchisation sociales apparaissent : fortifications, monuments funéraires mégalithiques, etc. On parle parfois alors de « chalcolithique ». Plusieurs cultures se succéderont encore suivant les régions (chasséen, michelsberg, Seine-Oise-Marne, Ferrières, Fontbouisse, campaniforme, etc.) avant l'âge du bronze proprement dit, qui commence dans le dernier quart du IIe millénaire.
Neustrie,
royaume mérovingien situé entre la mer du Nord et la Loire. Cette région, aux limites géographiques mouvantes, devient, au cours des partages territoriaux du VIe siècle, une entité homogène.
À la mort de Clotaire Ier (561), il existe en Gaule trois ensembles territoriaux : l'ancien royaume des Burgondes (la Bourgogne), le pays des Francs Rhénans, que leurs voisins appellent « Austrasie », et l'ancien pays des Francs Saliens, désigné du nom de « Neustrie », au début du VIIe siècle, par le chroniqueur connu sous le nom de Pseudo-Frédégaire. Après le second partage mérovingien (561), la Neustrie, avec Soissons pour capitale, revient à Caribert, fils aîné de Clotaire Ier, puis à son frère cadet Chilpéric en 568. Ce dernier se trouve bientôt en lutte ouverte avec son frère Sigebert, roi d'Austrasie. La guerre entre la Neustrie et l'Austrasie est aussi celle qui oppose Frédégonde à Brunehaut, rapportée par Grégoire de Tours. À la mort de Frédégonde (597), l'Austrasie et la Bourgogne se liguent contre le jeune roi de Neustrie Clotaire II, dont le royaume est réduit à une peau de chagrin après le combat de Dormelles (600). Vainqueur de Brunehaut en 613, Clotaire II se trouve seul maître de tous les domaines francs. La Neustrie joue alors un rôle prépondérant : Clotaire II et son fils Dagobert enrichissent la basilique Saint-Denis, nécropole royale, autour de laquelle se constitue une abbaye. À la mort de Dagobert (639), la Neustrie et l'Austrasie sont à nouveau séparées, et la lutte reprend. La victoire du maire du palais d'Austrasie, Pépin II de Herstal, en 687 à Tertry, puis celle de Charles Martel en 719, signent la fin de la prépondérance neustrienne. Lors des deux siècles qui suivent, le centre du pouvoir se déplace vers l'Austrasie, berceau des Carolingiens. Il faut attendre la décomposition de l'Empire carolingien pour que reviennent sur le devant de la scène le nom de Neustrie et les forces politiques qui en sont issues. De 852 à 856, Robert le Fort, ancêtre des Capétiens, porte le titre de marquis de Neustrie, région sur laquelle s'appuie sa famille pour conquérir le pouvoir royal. De la Francia historique, terre des Francs Saliens, à la Neustrie puis à l'Île-de-France persiste donc une cohérence géographique et politique qui concourt à faire de cette région un lieu de pouvoir central dès la première moitié du Moyen Âge.
Ney (Michel),
maréchal de France, duc d'Elchingen, prince de la Moskowa (Sarrelouis, Moselle, 1769 - Paris 1815).
Fils d'un maître tonnelier, il s'engage dans l'armée dès 1788. Il est élu capitaine en 1794, puis il sert aux armées de Sambre-et-Meuse, d'Angleterre, de Mayence et du Rhin, et devient général de division en mars 1799. Jouissant d'une grande popularité, il est apprécié pour sa bravoure : cette renommée lui permet de ne pas être écarté des honneurs, alors qu'il n'a jamais rencontré Bonaparte avant mai 1801. Nommé maréchal le 19 mai 1804 et désireux de surpasser les autres maréchaux, qu'il jalouse, il prend parfois l'initiative d'actions pour lesquelles il n'a reçu aucune mission, alors même qu'il ne démontre pas de grandes qualités de stratège. Il n'en joue pas moins un rôle déterminant à Elchingen le 14 octobre 1805, à Erfurt en 1806, puis à Eylau, Guttstadt et Friedland en 1807. Il reçoit en 1808 le titre de duc d'Elchingen et des rentes de plus de 200 000 francs, grâce auxquelles il vit luxueusement dans son hôtel du faubourg Saint-Germain. Durant la campagne de Russie, sa témérité permet la victoire de la Moskowa, puis sauve de la déroute l'arrière-garde de l'armée durant la retraite. Devenu prince de l'Empire, il accueille pourtant favorablement la Restauration mais rompt, en mars 1815, sa promesse de capturer Napoléon, auquel il se rallie finalement. Un retournement qu'il paie de sa condamnation à mort sous la seconde Restauration : devant le peloton d'exécution, le 7 décembre 1815, il ne faillit pas à sa réputation de « brave des braves ».
Niaux,
l'une des plus célèbres et des plus remarquables grottes ornées de peintures du paléolithique supérieur, qui sont attribuables au magdalénien, et datent d'environ 12 000 ans avant notre ère.
La grotte de Niaux, dite aussi « la Grande Caougno » ou « la Calbière », est située à près de 700 mètres d'altitude, à 5 kilomètres de Tarascon-sur-Ariège (Ariège). Elle se compose de plusieurs galeries dont le développement atteint 2 kilomètres, au sein d'un réseau souterrain d'environ 15 kilomètres de longueur. Des visiteurs s'y sont sans doute introduits dès le XVIIe siècle, mais les peintures préhistoriques ne furent reconnues qu'au début du XXe siècle.
La localisation de cet art pariétal - dans les profondeurs obscures - indique que le site n'était pas un lieu couramment habité, mais un espace destiné au rituel. Les premières peintures apparaissent à environ 500 mètres de l'ouverture de la grotte, sous la forme de signes schématiques rouges et noirs - points et bâtonnets -, qui paraissent marquer l'entrée du sanctuaire. Celui-ci se trouve à l'extrémité d'une première galerie - dite « le Salon noir », à cause de la couleur dominante des peintures, qui comptent parmi les œuvres majeures de l'art préhistorique. Plusieurs dizaines d'animaux sont répartis en six panneaux principaux, séparés par des parois non ornées, et qui se distinguent par la taille différente des représentations. Il s'agit surtout de chevaux et de bisons, deux espèces qui, comme l'a montré André Leroi-Gourhan, symbolisent le dualisme masculin-féminin, cette thématique étant caractéristique de l'art des grottes. Bouquetins et cervidés sont en position marginale, ainsi qu'un certain nombre de signes, peints en noir, rouge ou brun. Sur le sol argileux, et en général protégées par des renfoncements de la paroi, plusieurs gravures d'animaux (bisons, chevaux, bouquetins, poissons) ont échappé à une destruction totale provoquée par le passage des visiteurs. Ces vestiges - très rares - font aussi l'intérêt archéologique de Niaux.
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