Le Barrois mouvant met en lumière deux phénomènes du Moyen Âge classique : le roi de France pratique désormais une politique non plus féodale mais territoriale de « grignotage » sur les frontières de Verdun, et, dans le même temps, se développe, aux marches du royaume, un sentiment national vivace qu'illustre Jeanne d'Arc, née à Domrémy, dans le Barrois mouvant.
Barbaroux (Charles Jean Marie),
homme politique (Marseille 1767 - Bordeaux 1794).
Adhérant au mouvement révolutionnaire dès 1789, cet avocat, fils d'un négociant, devient une des figures les plus influentes de Marseille. Membre de la Garde nationale, secrétaire de la Commune de Marseille, il est l'un des fondateurs et dirigeants du club jacobin de la ville. Envoyé à Paris par la municipalité en février 1792, il se lie avec Brissot et Roland, et soutient la Société des amis des Noirs. À l'origine de la marche sur Paris des fédérés marseillais, il en commande le bataillon lors du 10 août 1792. Ce rôle lui vaut une immense popularité à Marseille, qui l'élit député à la Convention. Hostile aux massacres de septembre, à la Commune de Paris et au mouvement populaire, il s'engage d'emblée aux côtés des girondins dans leur lutte contre les montagnards. À l'issue des journées des 31 mai et 2 juin 1793, il est l'un des vingt-neuf députés proscrits. Arrêté, il s'évade et rejoint Caen, où il organise la contre-attaque avec les rescapés girondins. Sur son initiative, ces derniers signent une protestation qui appelle les départements au soulèvement contre la Convention et marque le début du fédéralisme. Après l'échec de l'armée de Normandie en juillet 1793, il rejoint Bordeaux en insurrection, puis, lorsque la ville se rend, il se cache pendant plusieurs mois avec Buzot et Pétion. Se croyant découverts, ces deux derniers se suicident, tandis que Barbaroux ne parvient qu'à se blesser. Il est condamné à mort et guillotiné le 24 juin 1794.
Barbé-Marbois (François, comte [d'Empire], puis marquis de),
homme politique (Metz 1745 - Paris 1837).
Ce fils d'un négociant postulant à la noblesse entame une carrière diplomatique en Europe et en Amérique, sous la protection de ministres de Louis XVI, le maréchal de Castries et le duc de La Luzerne. Intendant général de Saint-Domingue entre 1785 et 1789, il s'oppose aux colons qui ne veulent ni mesures favorables à la population noire ni restrictions à leur commerce avec les États-Unis. Rentré en métropole sous leur contrainte, il échoue dans les négociations entre la France révolutionnaire et les princes européens. Il se retire alors du service, réside à Metz pendant la Terreur, au cours de laquelle il n'est pas inquiété. Il devient maire de cette ville en 1795. Élu au Conseil des Anciens, il compte parmi les royalistes modérés qui critiquent le gouvernement, et dénonce le babouvisme. Accusé d'être « ministrable » de droite, il est victime du coup d'État de fructidor (4 septembre 1797) et, malgré des protestations de bonapartisme, envoyé en Guyane. Ayant résisté au climat, il est libéré. Grâcié, il entre dans la nouvelle administration, avec l'appui du nouveau consul, Lebrun. Directeur en 1801, ministre du Trésor en 1802 (c'est lui qui définit le franc germinal), président de la Cour des comptes en 1807, il est aussi chargé de négocier la cession de la Louisiane aux États-Unis. Fait comte d'Empire, nommé sénateur en 1813, il n'hésite pas à se rallier à Louis XVIII : élevé à la pairie, il est chassé pendant les Cent-Jours, avant d'occuper brièvement le portefeuille de la Justice, en 1815. Devenu marquis en 1817, il continue de siéger à la Cour des comptes jusqu'en 1834, puis à la Chambre des pairs jusqu'à sa mort.
Barbès (Armand),
révolutionnaire et homme politique (Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, 1809 - La Haye, Pays-Bas, 1870).
Républicain farouche, Barbès s'oppose à la monarchie de Juillet dès son arrivée à Paris, en 1830. Il est emprisonné une première fois à la suite des journées d'avril 1834, puis après l'attentat de Fieschi contre la famille royale (1835). Ayant organisé avec Auguste Blanqui et Martin Bernard l'insurrection du 12 mai 1839, dirigée contre le gouvernement de Louis-Philippe, il est à nouveau emprisonné et condamné à mort. Grâce à l'intervention de Victor Hugo, sa condamnation est commuée en peine de prison à perpétuité. Il est libéré lors de la révolution de février 1848 et acquiert, en tant que président du Club de la révolution, une grande popularité. Élu député de l'Aude, il siège à l'extrême gauche de l'Assemblée. Le 15 mai, sous son impulsion et celle de quelques autres chefs révolutionnaires, un coup de force est perpétré contre la Constituante, afin de former un gouvernement insurrectionnel à l'Hôtel de Ville. Barbès est de nouveau condamné à la prison. Incarcéré à Doullens, puis à Belle-Île-en-Mer, il refuse la grâce accordée par Napoléon III en 1854 ; libéré contre son gré, il quitte la France et s'exile aux Pays-Bas.
Barbie (procès),
procès intenté à Lyon, en 1987, à Klaus Barbie, accusé de crimes contre l'humanité.
Barbie est l'ancien chef SS de la section IV du SIPO-SD, service de la police nazie chargé de la « répression des crimes et délits politiques » à Lyon, entre novembre 1942 et août 1944. Identifié en Bolivie, en 1971, par Beate et Serge Klarsfeld, il fait l'objet d'une première demande d'extradition en 1972. Sa livraison à la France en 1983 permet l'ouverture d'une instruction judiciaire. Certains des crimes de l'homme qui a torturé Jean Moulin ne peuvent être jugés ; Barbie, qui a été condamné à mort par contumace en 1952 et en 1954, bénéficie en effet de la prescription. Mais la nouvelle définition du crime contre l'humanité, donnée par l'arrêt du 20 décembre 1985 de la Cour de cassation, conduit à retenir parmi les chefs d'inculpation des actes commis non seulement contre des victimes juives, mais aussi contre des résistants, qui s'opposaient à la politique d'hégémonie idéologique de l'État nazi. Le procès s'ouvre en mai 1987. Considéré comme une contribution à l'histoire autant qu'à la justice, il est entièrement filmé (le film ne pouvant être intégralement diffusé que dans un délai de vingt ans). Défendu par Me Jacques Vergès, Barbie est reconnu coupable, en juillet 1987, de crimes contre l'humanité (dont la rafle des enfants d'Izieu le 6 juin 1944 et la déportation d'environ 650 personnes, le 11 août 1944, par le dernier train à destination des camps de la mort). Il est condamné à la réclusion perpétuelle, et meurt en prison en 1991.
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