Mais, à l'épreuve du pouvoir, le PS, dont Lionel Jospin est premier secrétaire de 1981 à 1988, doit accepter de difficiles révisions idéologiques. En effet, la modernisation, l'économie mixte et la construction européenne deviennent ses nouveaux chevaux de bataille, tandis que s'opère une réconciliation avec le capitalisme (lequel est reconnu comme un horizon historique au congrès de La Défense, en 1991). Les querelles intestines qui se manifestent au grand jour lors du congrès de Rennes (mars 1990) et la multiplication des « affaires » contribuent à affaiblir le parti. La débâcle des élections législatives de mars 1993, puis l'échec de la reprise en main tentée par Michel Rocard, précipitent le PS dans une crise grave. Mais le score honorable obtenu par Lionel Jospin lors de l'élection présidentielle de 1995 (47,3 % des suffrages exprimés) ouvre de nouvelles perspectives, qui sont confirmées par la victoire de la gauche lors des élections législatives du printemps 1997. Redevenu la principale composante d'une « majorité plurielle » (qui comprend le PCF, les Radicaux, le MDC et les Verts), le PS, qui perd la majorité aux législatives de 2002, doit trouver un équilibre entre sa culture de gouvernement, acquise durant les années 1980 et 1990, et sa volonté réformatrice.
Pseudo-Denys,
auteur grec de la fin du Ve siècle ou du début du VIe, qui a mis son œuvre sous le couvert de Denys l'Aréopagite.
Ses traités - principalement la Hiérarchie céleste et les Noms divins... - sont influencés par le néoplatonisme. Ils présentent un univers ordonné, dans lequel chaque élément porte une part de la vérité divine, dont la clarté est proportionnelle à sa distance par rapport à Dieu. Dans un tel système, l'invisible peut donc être connu grâce au visible. La pensée de Denys a servi à légitimer le culte des images, dont l'éclat serait un reflet de la splendeur divine - une idée particulièrement sensible chez Suger (1081-1151), concepteur de la basilique gothique de Saint-Denis.
Les textes dionysiens ne sont directement connus en Occident qu'à partir de 827, quand l'empereur byzantin Michel le Bègue les offre à Louis le Pieux, empereur d'Occident. L'abbé Hilduin les traduit en latin : il est le premier à valider l'identification de leur auteur à Denys, premier évêque d'Athènes, converti par saint Paul sur l'Aréopage, qu'il confond avec l'évangélisateur de Paris. Cette identification, fautive et d'ailleurs bientôt mise en doute par certains humanistes (Érasme, Lorenzo Valla), est globalement acceptée par les catholiques jusqu'à la fin du XIXe siècle. Les protestants, pour leur part, rejettent ces textes comme apocryphes.
Le corpus dionysien a fréquemment été lu et commenté par les théologiens médiévaux : Jean Scot Érigène, Hugues de Saint-Victor, saint Thomas d'Aquin, Gerson. À l'époque moderne, il a surtout influencé les auteurs spirituels et mystiques, tels Bérulle, Marie de l'Incarnation, Fénelon, Mme Guyon.
PSU (Parti socialiste unifié),
parti politique fondé en avril 1960, notamment par Claude Bourdet, Gilles Martinet, Édouard Depreux, Michel Rocard, Jean Poperen, pour unifier les « nouvelles gauches » - gauches dissidentes situées entre le PCF et la SFIO.
Réformiste, le PSU s'oppose à la guerre d'Algérie, critique la Ve République, tout en se posant comme force de proposition. Ses 15 000 membres veulent en effet rénover la gauche, mais s'affrontent entre partisans de l'autonomie et défenseurs de l'union des gauches. En 1965, le PSU soutient la candidature de François Mitterrand. Avec la CFDT et l'UNEF notamment, il constitue l'un des pôles de la contestation de mai 68, mais n'en tire guère profit. La création, en 1971, du PS entraîne une hémorragie de ses militants, qui s'accentue avec la signature du programme commun de la gauche. À l'automne 1974, son dirigeant Michel Rocard rejoint le PS, alors que le PSU ne compte plus que 9 000 membres, qui défendent des thèmes pacifistes, antinucléaires, régionalistes, autogestionnaires et écologistes. Son nouveau secrétaire général, Huguette Bouchardeau, tente d'adapter le parti à l'évolution politique, mais l'alliance électorale de 1978 contractée avec les écologistes et les régionalistes ne recueille que 1 % des suffrages. La candidate du PSU obtient le même résultat lors de l'élection présidentielle de 1981. La victoire de François Mitterrand affaiblit encore le PSU, qui ne compte plus que 1 000 membres en 1988, si bien qu'en 1989 il se fond dans l'Alternative rouge et verte de Pierre Juquin.
Malgré les tentatives de renouvellement idéologique, le PSU ne s'est pas relevé du départ de ses dirigeants. Il a néanmoins été le principal laboratoire d'idées de la gauche jusqu'au milieu des années 1970.
Puisaye (Joseph, comte de),
chef chouan (Mortagne-au-Perche, Orne, 1755 - Hammersmith, près de Londres, 1827).
La vie de ce noble de vieille famille est un véritable roman d'aventures - ce qui lui vaudra bien des inimitiés dans son propre camp. Colonel en 1783, il représente la noblesse du Perche aux assemblées provinciales de 1787, puis est élu député de la noblesse aux états généraux de 1789. Peu favorable à l'évolution en cours, il n'en est pas moins, ensuite, commandant des gardes nationaux du district d'Évreux, et se présente à la Convention - ce qui suppose qu'il ait accepté les conséquences du 10 août 1792. Mais il s'oppose aux montagnards et aux sans-culottes en juillet 1793, avant d'être battu à la tête des armées fédéralistes dans un médiocre affrontement à Pacy-sur-Eure. À partir de ce moment, il se lance dans la chouannerie, qu'il fédère presque entièrement durant l'hiver 1793 et dont il se proclame le chef. Il se rend ensuite en Angleterre, où il convainc le Premier ministre Pitt de lancer une expédition contre la France. Le débarquement a lieu à Quiberon, mais les émigrés n'ont pas oublié l'adhésion de Puisaye au régime révolutionnaire et imposent un double commandement. L'opération se solde par un fiasco et ruine définitivement la carrière de Puisaye dans le camp de la Contre-Révolution. En 1798, après deux ans d'inactivité en Angleterre, il part pour le Canada, où il tente de fonder une colonie sur des bases quasi féodales ! Après un nouvel échec, il achève sa vie en Angleterre, où il rédige ses Mémoires.
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