Son capital, versé par le Comptoir d'escompte et le Crédit industriel et commercial (avec la participation des Messageries maritimes et de la Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas), s'élève alors à 8 millions de francs. Elle obtient le droit d'émettre de la monnaie en Cochinchine et en Inde française. Ce privilège, qui devait expirer en 1885, est étendu à l'ensemble de l'Indochine et à l'Océanie en 1905, puis à la Côte française des Somalis en 1907, et prorogé jusqu'en 1920, puis jusqu'en 1959 ; mais il lui est retiré, le 31 décembre 1951, au profit des instituts d'émission des trois États associés (Cambodge, Laos, Viêt-nam). La Banque de l'Indochine le conserve à Djibouti jusqu'en 1970.
Jusqu'en 1927, elle pratique le crédit agricole en consentant des avances sur fonds ou sur récoltes aux paysans indochinois (au taux de 8 %). Importante banque d'affaires, elle s'assure le contrôle de nombreuses entreprises en Indochine et à Madagascar (Omnium colonial, Distilleries de l'Indochine, Brasseries de l'Indochine, plantations d'hévéas), et ouvre des agences dans la plupart des pays d'Extrême-Orient. Ses dirigeants espèrent longtemps s'implanter en Chine, pays où ils ne pourront jamais acquérir de position influente. Rachetée par la Compagnie financière de Suez en 1972, elle constitue avec celle-ci le groupe Indosuez en 1975. La Banque de l'Indochine fut le plus important groupe capitaliste de l'empire colonial français, et joua un rôle moteur dans la vie de l'Indochine française.
banquet républicain.
L'usage de donner un repas « à un grand nombre de convives dans un but politique » remonte, selon Pierre Larousse, au « banquet civique » de l'époque révolutionnaire, pendant du « banquet royal » prévu par l'étiquette de l'Ancien Régime.
De la monarchie de Juillet à la IIIe République, les banquets partisans, désignés a posteriori comme banquets républicains, montrent l'évolution d'une forme de sociabilité politique au service d'idées considérées d'abord comme subversives, puis liées à l'exercice officiel du pouvoir.
La IIe République naît avec la « campagne des banquets réformistes » lancée en 1847. L'idée d'organiser de grands repas avec des toasts en vue de la réforme électorale conquiert d'abord la gauche dynastique. Le premier banquet, organisé à Paris le 9 juillet 1847, dans le local du Château-Rouge, rassemble 1 200 participants venus écouter Odilon Barrot. Les mois suivants, dans 30 départements, ont lieu environ 60 banquets, au cours desquels les seules revendications électorales cèdent la place à la critique du gouvernement. Les républicains commencent à s'y manifester avec plus d'audace : à Dijon, à Chalon-sur-Saône, à Lille, où Ledru-Rollin parvient à écarter Barrot le 7 novembre 1847. En février 1848, Guizot interdit le grand banquet populaire prévu à Paris, dans le XIIe arrondissement : le 22 février, des manifestants protestent et, deux jours plus tard, la révolution gagne la capitale.
Que reste-t-il de cet héritage ambivalent dans le cérémonial des banquets républicains de la IIIe République ? Institués pour solenniser la première fête nationale du 14 juillet en 1880 ou le centenaire de la Révolution en 1889, les banquets républicains sont aussi l'occasion pour le pouvoir d'affirmer la cohésion de la République quand elle semble menacée. Le banquet officiel de 1888 défie les boulangistes, et celui de l'Exposition universelle de 1900 se veut apaisant en pleine affaire Dreyfus. Les grands banquets des maires de 1889 et de 1900 avec respectivement 13 000 et 20 000 convives venus de tout le pays, en présence des présidents Carnot et Loubet, demeurent les images d'une spectaculaire mise en scène de l'intégration nationale par les fastes de la République. Le banquet républicain est désormais une forme officielle et plaisante d'allégeance à un régime en quête de consensus. Il reste néanmoins un peu de la tradition offensive des banquets politiques dans les repas électoraux - qui ne s'intitulent pas par hasard « banquets républicains » - comme ceux de la campagne présidentielle de 1995.
Bao Dai,
empereur d'Annam de 1925 à 1945 et chef de l'État du Viêt-nam de 1949 à 1955 (Huê 1913 - Paris 1997).
Proclamé empereur à la mort de son père, Bao Dai est éduqué en France et intronisé à Huê en 1932. Au début de son règne, il paraît désireux de moderniser la monarchie et d'obtenir un assouplissement du protectorat, mais il se heurte aux réticences de l'administration coloniale et se contente d'un rôle protocolaire. Après le coup de force japonais d'avril 1945, il se retrouve à la tête d'un Viêt-nam théoriquement indépendant et réunifié, mais n'a aucun moyen d'imposer son autorité à l'ensemble du pays. Le 25 août 1945, après la prise du pouvoir par le Viêt-minh, il abdique, préférant « être citoyen d'un pays indépendant plutôt que roi d'un pays asservi ». Il devient « conseiller suprême » de la nouvelle République, puis se retire à Hongkong en 1946. À partir de 1947, il entre en pourparlers avec la France, qui souhaite jouer la carte impériale face à l'ennemi vietminh. Il n'accepte toutefois de rentrer dans son pays qu'après la reconnaissance de l'unité nationale. Le 24 avril 1949, il prend ainsi à Saigon ses fonctions de chef de l'« État associé du Viêt-nam » et forme un ministère d'union. Peu connu et peu apprécié de ses compatriotes, il ne fait que de brefs séjours dans son pays, mais se montre intransigeant quant au transfert des compétences qui doit entraîner la création d'un État indépendant dans le cadre de l'Union française. Après la reconnaissance de l'indépendance complète du Viêt-nam, en 1955, il est déposé par référendum (octobre 1955) et se retire définitivement en France.
Bar (comté, puis duché de),
comté médiéval, érigé en duché au XIVe siècle, correspondant à l'actuel département de la Meuse.
Situé en terre impériale lors du partage de Verdun (843), le comté de Bar est formé au Xe siècle, lorsque Sophie, fille du duc Ferry de Lorraine, épouse Louis, comte de Mousson, et reçoit en dot le comté de Bar, qui reste dans la famille de Bar-Mousson jusqu'au XVe siècle. Le comte Henri de Bar, allié à son beau-père, le roi Édouard Ier d'Angleterre, dans le conflit franco-anglais, prend les armes contre Philippe le Bel, en 1297. Fait prisonnier, il doit accepter les conditions du roi de France pour retrouver sa liberté : en 1301, la partie de son comté située à l'ouest de la Meuse passe dans la mouvance royale. On parle désormais du Barrois mouvant pour le distinguer du reste du comté relevant de l'Empire. En 1354, le roi Jean II le Bon érige le comté en duché pour son gendre Robert de Bar. En 1430, le duché de Bar revient à René d'Anjou (le futur roi René), duc de Lorraine en 1431. Lorraine et Bar sont définitivement réunis au royaume de France en 1766, à la mort du dernier duc de Lorraine.
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