En octobre 1434, il abandonne le pouvoir à son deuxième fils, Louis, nommé lieutenant général de ses états, pour se retirer au château de Ripaille, près de Thonon, où il fonde l'ordre des Chevaliers ermites de Saint-Maurice. Après avoir déposé Eugène IV, le concile de Bâle l'élit pape le 5 novembre 1439. Il accepte son élection le 17 décembre, et renonce au titre ducal en janvier 1440. Ordonné, il est couronné pape le 24 juillet 1440, à Bâle, sous le nom de Félix V. Toutefois, il n'est guère reconnu, les principaux États d'Occident restant fidèles à Eugène IV. Rapidement en opposition avec les Pères du concile, il se retire en novembre 1442 à Lausanne, puis se fixe à Genève, dont il s'attribue le siège épiscopal en 1444. Il abdique officiellement le 7 avril 1449, à la suite de la médiation du roi de France Charles VII, qui permet un compromis avec le nouveau pape romain, Nicolas V. Nommé par ce dernier cardinal-évêque de Sainte-Sabine et légat pour la Savoie, il meurt à Genève le 7 janvier 1451. Il est inhumé à Ripaille.
Ami du peuple (l'),
journal rédigé et édité par Marat entre 1789 et 1792.
Le 12 septembre 1789 paraît le premier numéro du Publiciste parisien, rebaptisé, quelques jours plus tard l'Ami du peuple. Comme nombre de journaux de la période révolutionnaire, il se compose de huit pages et ne comprend, le plus souvent, qu'un article, dont le résumé est donné dans le sommaire. Marat écrit seul, mais il s'appuie sur un réseau de correspondants qui lui transmettent dénonciations et nouvelles étrangères ou locales. L'Ami du peuple a atteint, semble-t-il, un tirage - fort appréciable pour l'époque - de plus de deux mille exemplaires. La popularité et la réputation de Marat s'édifient grâce à la dénonciation inlassable des autorités et des abus de pouvoir. Il s'en prend aussi avec acharnement aux idoles du jour. Ainsi, l'Ami du peuple mène campagne contre la municipalité de Paris, le Châtelet, Necker, Bailly, Mirabeau et La Fayette. Cette activité lui vaut des poursuites incessantes, qui l'obligent à suspendre la parution de son journal à plusieurs reprises en 1789 et 1790. Traqué, il passe dans la clandestinité. De décembre 1791 à avril 1792, il doit à nouveau interrompre la publication du journal, qui reparaît avec l'aide du Club des cordeliers et qui se donne pour but de s'opposer au bellicisme des girondins et de dénoncer le roi. Le dernier numéro de l'Ami du peuple sort des presses le 21 septembre 1792. Marat, élu député à la Convention, change le titre de son périodique, qui devient le Journal de la République française, puis, à partir du 14 mars 1793, le Publiciste de la République française.
On a souvent stigmatisé l'outrance verbale et l'apologie de la violence populaire contenues dans le périodique de Marat, mais l'analyse au jour le jour de l'Ami du peuple révèle une indéniable clairvoyance quant à l'évolution du processus révolutionnaire.
Amiens (Charte d'),
texte voté le 13 octobre 1906 dans le cadre du neuvième congrès national de la CGT, qui se tient à Amiens du 8 au 16 octobre.
Cette charte illustre les idées que défend le syndicalisme révolutionnaire. Même si elle émane de syndicalistes proches de ce courant (Alphonse Merrheim, Georges Yvetot, Émile Pouget, parmi d'autres), elle est adoptée à une écrasante majorité (834 voix, contre 8 et 1 abstention) rassemblant réformistes et révolutionnaires. Elle prend le contre-pied de la motion du secrétaire général de la Fédération du textile, Victor Renard, qui préconise notamment une collaboration entre la CGT et la SFIO.
Cette charte assigne au syndicalisme deux missions : mener une lutte quotidienne en vue de l'amélioration immédiate du sort de la classe ouvrière (diminution de la durée de travail, augmentation des salaires) ; préparer « l'émancipation capitaliste ». Pour parvenir à ses fins, le syndicalisme dispose d'une arme majeure : la grève générale.
Ce texte, resté célèbre dans la mémoire syndicale, défendait surtout les vertus de l'« autonomie ouvrière » en isolant l'action syndicale de toute autre forme d'engagement ou d'opinions que ceux qui ont été conçus dans le cadre de l'action ouvrière : « Le congrès affirme l'entière liberté, pour le syndiqué, de participer, en dehors du groupement corporatif, à telles formes de lutte correspondant à sa conception philosophique ou politique, se bornant à lui demander, en réciprocité, de ne pas introduire dans le syndicat les opinions qu'il professe au-dehors. »
Amiens (paix d'),
traité de paix franco-anglais signé le 25 mars 1802.
Après la signature du traité franco-autrichien de Lunéville le 9 février 1801, l'Angleterre reste seule face à la France. Malgré la supériorité de sa flotte et ses succès coloniaux, elle se trouve dans une situation critique : la disette menace ; la dette publique enfle démesurément ; les troubles se multiplient. William Pitt, l'homme qui symbolise la guerre à outrance, doit démissionner de son poste de Premier ministre le 2 février 1801. Dès lors, plus rien ne s'oppose à l'ouverture de négociations directes. Le 1er octobre 1801, des préliminaires sont conclus. La paix, à laquelle sont associées l'Espagne et la République batave, est finalement signée, le 25 mars 1802. L'Angleterre s'engage à restituer les colonies conquises, à l'exception des îles de Ceylan (jusque-là néerlandaise) et de la Trinité (prise à l'Espagne) ; elle doit également évacuer l'île d'Elbe, Malte et l'Égypte. En contrepartie, les troupes françaises sont censées se retirer de Naples et des États romains. Mais les négociateurs ont soigneusement évité d'aborder le problème crucial de la Belgique et de la rive gauche du Rhin. Paix manquée, ou simple trêve dans un conflit séculaire ? Pour l'Angleterre, qui a besoin de reconstituer ses forces, elle est une nécessité vitale ; pour Bonaparte, elle est une obligation politique : il apparaît comme celui qui apporte enfin la paix à une France épuisée par dix années de guerre ininterrompue.
Amiens (traité d'),
traité conclu entre Philippe III le Hardi et Édouard Ier d'Angleterre le 23 mai 1279, et relatif à l'exécution du traité de Paris de 1259.
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