Dans cette ville industrieuse et marchande - la seconde du royaume par le nombre d'habitants -, modérés et royalistes mais aussi « rolandins » (girondins amis de Roland) s'opposent aux jacobins avancés qui, avec l'extrémiste Joseph Châlier, contrôlent le Club central, réunissant les délégués des populaires clubs sectionnaires. Lorsque, après la chute de la monarchie, la municipalité tombe aux mains des « châliers » (mars 1793), rolandins et royalistes, qui sont en majorité, s'allient pour se dresser contre le Club central et contrecarrer les mesures radicales - « de salut public » - prises par la Commune de Lyon. Les trois quarts des sections rejettent ainsi l'arrêté municipal du 14 mai 1793 - qui prévoit notamment la formation d'une armée révolutionnaire et une contribution forcée de 6 millions de livres sur les riches -, et prennent d'assaut la Commune le 29 mai, journée au terme de laquelle Châlier et ses amis « anarchistes » sont arrêtés. À Paris, on voit dans cet événement, qui est à l'opposé des journées parisiennes des 31 mai et 2 juin contre la Gironde, la marque du fédéralisme girondin. De fait, les autorités lyonnaises prennent contact avec celles des départements voisins et rompent avec la capitale le 5 juillet en décidant de ne plus exécuter les décrets de la Convention. Le 17 juillet, Châlier - futur « martyr de la liberté » - est condamné à mort en réponse aux décrets parisiens qui destituent les dirigeants lyonnais, invitent les individus entrés à Lyon depuis le 29 mai à en sortir et ordonnent à l'armée des Alpes d'y rétablir les « lois de la République ». La ville est isolée, et le département du Rhône-et-Loire, divisé en deux le 12 août. Le siège, terrible, qui a commencé le 8 août, n'est total qu'en septembre et se traduit par un bombardement incessant, tandis que le blocus provoque une grave disette.
Plus terrible encore est la répression qui suit la reddition du 9 octobre, et que laisse augurer le fameux arrêté de la Convention du 12 octobre qui change le nom de Lyon pour celui de « Ville-Affranchie », ordonne la démolition de « tout ce qui fut habité par le riche » et s'achève sur ces termes : « Lyon fit la guerre à la liberté, Lyon n'est plus. » Trois commissions, qui se relaient du 11 octobre 1793 au 6 avril 1794, condamnent à mort environ 2 000 personnes, fusillées ou guillotinées. Des exécutions collectives (au moyen de canons chargés à mitraille), qui ont lieu dans la plaine des Brotteaux, et dont seront rendus responsables les représentants en mission Fouché et surtout Collot d'Herbois, frapperont durablement les mémoires. Cette féroce Terreur rouge explique la non moins féroce Terreur blanche qui sévit à Lyon au lendemain de la chute de Robespierre.
Lyon (traité de),
traité signé le 17 janvier 1601 par Henri IV et Charles-Emmanuel Ier, duc de Savoie, mettant fin aux derniers soubresauts des guerres d'Italie et des guerres de Religion.
À la faveur des troubles fomentés par la Ligue, le duc de Savoie, prince ambitieux, cherche à construire un État puissant, s'étendant de Genève à Turin. À cet effet, en 1588, il s'empare du marquisat de Saluces, français depuis 1548. À la paix de Vervins (1598), Philippe II d'Espagne et Henri IV préfèrent mettre ce dossier en sommeil. Deux options s'offrent alors au Savoyard : restituer le territoire conquis, ou le conserver moyennant la cession de ses possessions sur la rive droite du Rhône. Mais, lors de sa visite à Paris en 1599, Charles-Emmanuel préfère opter pour une diplomatie attentiste. Henri IV, désormais impatient, impose, le 27 février 1600, le traité de Paris, qui somme le duc de trancher. Puis, le 9 juillet, le roi de France se présente à Lyon avec une armée de trente mille hommes équipée de quarante canons. Les opérations sont rapides : en août, les villes de Bourg-en-Bresse et Chambéry cèdent, tandis que le 16 novembre la capitulation du château de Montmélian met fin aux hostilités. La Bresse, le Bugey, le Valromey et le pays de Gex (approximativement l'Ain actuel) deviennent français, le duc est condamné à verser une forte indemnité de guerre ; en contrepartie, Henri IV cède à la Savoie le marquisat de Saluces, dernière porte française sur l'Italie.
Au traité de Lyon, la France renforce ses frontières à l'est de Lyon et protège Genève, toujours menacée. Quant à l'État de Savoie, il se limite désormais au Piémont.
Lyonnaise,
ancienne province césarienne de Celtique réduite en 16-13 avant J.-C. aux régions d'entre Loire et Seine.
Elle formait, du confluent du Rhône et de la Saône jusqu'à la pointe de la Bretagne, l'un des trois éléments de la Gaule « chevelue », par opposition à l'ensemble plus policé et plus ancien de la Gaule Narbonnaise. Lyon (Lugdunum) devint la capitale de ce vaste territoire.
Désarmée dès le règne d'Auguste (27 avant J.-C./14 après J.-C.), la Lyonnaise est administrée par un gouverneur impérial et rattachée fiscalement à l'Aquitaine. La modestie des bureaux provinciaux favorise l'autonomie des quelque trente cités, d'autant que celles-ci envoient tous les ans leurs délégués au sanctuaire fédéral lyonnais, dans le cadre du culte impérial, mais aussi pour exprimer leurs vœux, féliciter ou blâmer un gouverneur.
Sillonnée par un réseau routier conçu, au départ, dans un but militaire, mais qui agglutine hommes et capitaux autour des centres desservis et accélère leur urbanisation, la Lyonnaise se développe sous l'impulsion des vieilles aristocraties régionales, auxquelles Rome octroie la citoyenneté romaine, et qui peuvent, à partir du règne de Claude (41/54), accéder au sénat romain. Propriétaires de vastes domaines (villae), ces élites locales animent la vie politique et le développement de leur cité. Elles contribuent, par des investissements dans les corporations professionnelles, à l'essor de l'artisanat dans les agglomérations (vici) qui émaillent le territoire de la province : métallurgie du fer à Malain et à Alésia, et du plomb à Lyon ; textile des Calètes lyonnais ; céramique spécialisée d'Autun et de Rennes, sigillée des Arvernes... Toutefois, il existe une petite et une moyenne propriété. Le travail rural servile est quasi inexistant, concurrencé par l'extension précoce du colonat.
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