La vie des formes est impitoyable. La maîtrise des techniques conduit peu à peu les artistes à céder à la séduction de la recherche formelle et à la perfection du rendu. À la veille de la Renaissance, le gothique, qui n'est plus ars francigenum mais international, est à la recherche d'un esthétisme et d'une virtuosité qui répondent au goût du luxe, aux émotions neuves et au souci de réalisme communs à toute l'Europe. La gracieuse humanité des portails d'Amiens et de Reims autant que la courbe souple et libre des ivoires parisiens sont l'héritage qu'il laisse à l'Italie, prête à son tour à prendre le devant de la scène artistique.
Gouberville (Gilles Picot, sire de),
lieutenant des Eaux et Forêts (Le Mesnil-au-Val, Manche, vers 1521 - 1578).
Aucune action d'éclat n'est à inscrire à l'actif de ce gentilhomme campagnard réputé d'ancienne noblesse, qui, s'il répond aux convocations du ban, préfère le « ménage des champs » à la carrière des armes et demeure résolument enraciné dans son Cotentin natal : sa notoriété posthume est due à trois gros cahiers dans lesquels, de 1549 à 1562, il consigne le détail de ses comptes et tient, en témoin sensible d'une « histoire immobile », la chronique des travaux et des jours ; treize années durant lesquelles il se préoccupe de champs à essarter, labourer, fumer et ensemencer, d'arbres à greffer, de foins à cueillir, de récoltes à engranger, de bestiaux à nourrir, de maçonneries à relever et de toitures à réparer. Ce sédentaire dans l'âme se complaît dans la société des parents et des serviteurs qui partagent son foyer, mais aussi des villageois de son voisinage, qu'il emploie à l'occasion et avec lesquels il entretient des relations de familiarité mêlée d'attachement au rang de chacun ; il ne se rend qu'une fois à la cour, en 1556, dépensant en deux mois 86 % de ce que lui coûte annuellement la nourriture de sa maisonnée. Attentif à ses devoirs de charité et d'entraide, ce célibataire contraint et père de trois bâtardes voit, en 1562, ses convictions religieuses ébranlées par la Réforme, mais reste finalement fidèle à la foi de ses aïeux.
Gouges (Marie Olympe Gouze, dite Olympe de),
femme de lettres et ardente militante des droits politiques des femmes (Montauban 1748 - Paris 1793).
Née dans la petite bourgeoisie commerçante, mariée en 1765 à Louis Aubry, un modeste officier, veuve en 1766, elle prend le nom d'Olympe de Gouges et s'installe à Paris, où elle se consacre à la littérature. Auteur d'environ soixante-dix romans, essais ou pièces de théâtre - dont plusieurs dénoncent l'esclavage -, elle fréquente des hommes de lettres (notamment Louis Sébastien Mercier) et jouit d'une petite notoriété. Pendant la Révolution, elle publie une soixantaine de textes politiques, parmi lesquels la Déclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne (septembre 1791), qui a alors peu d'écho. Affirmant l'égalité en droits des deux sexes, elle y demande, au nom de la justice et des « lois de la nature et de la raison », qu'on rende à la femme ses droits naturels, dont l'exercice est selon elle borné par « la tyrannie perpétuelle que l'homme lui oppose » : en somme, tant que les femmes ne jouiront pas des droits politiques, la Révolution sera inachevée. Très hostile aux montagnards, elle est arrêtée le 20 juillet 1793, accusée d'être l'auteur d'une affiche girondine, condamnée à mort le 2 novembre et guillotinée le lendemain.
Après sa mort, Olympe de Gouges a été traitée de « femme-homme » ayant « oublié les vertus qui conviennent à son sexe », et ridiculisée par les historiens ou les auteurs de dictionnaires du XIXe siècle. Mais elle a été réhabilitée par les féministes, qui présentent le parcours de l'auteur de la Déclaration, montée sur l'échafaud pendant la Révolution française, comme symptomatique de la place faite aux femmes dans la démocratie française.
Gouin (Félix),
homme politique (Peypin, Bouches-du-Rhône, 1884 - Nice 1977).
Ses parents ont été instituteurs, et lui-même devient avocat au barreau de Marseille en 1907, après des études de droit à la faculté d'Aix-en-Provence. Militant socialiste dès 1902, il ne tarde pas à assumer des responsabilités au sein de la fédération des Bouches-du-Rhône, et débute sa carrière politique au conseil général du canton d'Istres, en 1911. Bien qu'antimilitariste, il est engagé volontaire en 1914. En 1922, il est élu maire d'Istres, puis, en 1924, député d'Aix. Nommé rapporteur du Budget à la commission des Finances, collaborateur de Léon Blum, il préside le groupe parlementaire socialiste en 1938. Par pacifisme, il accueille favorablement les accords de Munich. Cependant, il refuse le vote des pleins-pouvoirs au maréchal Pétain et anime, dans la Résistance, le Comité d'action socialiste. À Londres, il représente, en 1942, le parti socialiste (SFIO) clandestin. Après avoir présidé l'Assemblée consultative provisoire à Alger (1943), puis à Paris (novembre 1944-octobre 1945), ainsi que la première Assemblée nationale constituante (novembre 1945-janvier 1946), le 26 janvier 1946, il est élu président du Gouvernement provisoire, après la démission du général de Gaulle. Sous son gouvernement (26 janvier-24 juin 1946) sont accom-plies d'importantes réformes de structures prévues par le Conseil national de la Résistance (CNR). Vice-président du Conseil du 24 juin au 16 décembre 1946, puis ministre d'État, chargé des travaux du Commissariat général du plan (du 16 décembre 1946 au 22 janvier 1947), il préside le Conseil au Plan jusqu'au 22 octobre 1947. Atteint par le « scandale des vins » (juillet 1946), il renonce aux premières places politiques. Hostile au retour du général de Gaulle, il abandonne progressivement, entre 1958 et 1959, la scène politique.
Gournay (Jacques Claude Marie Vincent de),
négociant, économiste et administrateur (Saint-Malo 1712 - Paris 1759).
Fils d'un riche négociant, il pratique le commerce pendant quinze ans en Espagne, puis à Hambourg, aux Pays-Bas et en Angleterre. Retiré des affaires, il achète une charge de conseiller au Grand Conseil en 1749, puis un office d'intendant du commerce en 1751. Sa formation et ses voyages ont conforté ses convictions libérales. Au sein du Bureau du commerce, il s'efforce de faire valoir une politique de liberté économique, considérant que la concurrence est le seul moyen de la croissance. Il réclame l'abolition des douanes intérieures, des prohibitions et des monopoles, mais aussi des corporations et des règlements de fabrication. On lui prête l'invention de la formule « Laissez faire, laissez passer ».
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