Au-delà du Salon noir, le réseau de galeries se poursuit et traverse plusieurs petits lacs. Cette partie moins accessible est ponctuée de peintures représentant surtout des chevaux et des bouquetins. Leur exécution, plus rapide, est l'indice d'une fréquentation très occasionnelle. En vidant des lacs intermédiaires, les spéléologues ont pu atteindre en 1970 une autre galerie décorée, dite « réseau René-Clastres », dans laquelle on devait pénétrer, à l'époque préhistorique, par une entrée plus directe, aujourd'hui colmatée. On y a trouvé de nombreuses empreintes de pieds laissées par trois enfants, des fragments de torches en pin carbonisé et plusieurs peintures noires : signes, bisons, cheval, ainsi qu'une belette, la seule connue dans l'art paléolithique ; curieusement, à quelques dizaines de mètres de là, gisait le squelette d'une belette...
Nice (comté de),
comté ayant appartenu aux princes de Savoie à partir de 1388, réuni définitivement à la France en 1860.
En 970, l'ancienne colonie grecque de Nikaia est rattachée au comté de Provence. C'est après de longs conflits entre seigneurs locaux que Nice revient aux princes de Savoie, en 1388. Sous Louis XIV, elle est à plusieurs reprises occupée par la France, mais chaque fois rendue à ses souverains. Devenus rois de Sardaigne en 1714, les princes de Savoie accordent une grande importance à la possession de Nice, qui leur offre une ouverture maritime de choix. Les limites du comté sont d'ailleurs précisées par un traité en 1760.
La Révolution bouleverse les rapports entre Nice et la France. En effet, le 16 juillet 1789, le comte d'Artois - frère de Louis XVI - donne le signal de l'émigration ; il s'installe chez son beau-père, à Turin, d'où il organise une force contre-révolutionnaire. Jusqu'en 1792, Nice devient le lieu de passage obligé des émigrés et des prêtres réfractaires. La ville compte alors environ 30 000 habitants, les élites sont francisées et les idées révolutionnaires ont pénétré les milieux urbains. La guerre déclarée en avril 1792 modifie brutalement la situation : le 29 septembre, le général Anselme et le représentant en mission Barras entrent sans combat dans la ville. Les deux hommes s'empressent de créer des administrations provisoires qui réclament immédiatement le rattachement de la ville à la République. La Convention y envoie deux missions d'information, à la suite desquelles Anselme est rappelé à Paris. Malgré la position prudente de la Convention, les patriotes niçois mettent tout en œuvre pour faire adopter l'idée d'une réunion à la France. Le 28 novembre 1792, les assemblées primaires du comté de Nice se prononcent en ce sens et, le 31 janvier 1793, la Convention accède à ce vœu minoritaire. Les députés Grégoire et Jagot sont envoyés sur place pour organiser le département des Alpes-Maritimes. Alors que les milieux urbains sont plutôt favorables à la France, c'est loin d'être le cas pour les ruraux et les montagnards ; le nouveau département n'est d'ailleurs pas des plus sûrs entre 1795 et 1799. En 1814, le traité de Paris rend Nice à la maison de Savoie. La période sarde voit l'extension de la ville et le début de son activité touristique. Nice est incluse dans l'accord passé entre Napoléon III et le roi du Piémont en échange de l'aide française en Italie. La cession de la ville à la France, obtenue par traité le 24 mars 1860, est ratifiée par plébiscite.
Nicole (Pierre),
écrivain janséniste (Chartres 1625 - Paris 1695).
Après de solides études, où il acquiert une parfaite maîtrise du latin, du grec et de l'hébreu, il est attiré par Port-Royal, où deux de ses tantes sont religieuses, et par les Solitaires, ces pieux laïcs voués à la retraite et à l'enseignement. Maître de philosophie dans les Petites Écoles de Paris dès 1646, puis de Port-Royal-des-Champs, il rédige avec Antoine Arnauld la Logique de Port-Royal (1662). Il participe à la polémique janséniste, conseillant Pascal pour ses Provinciales, qu'il traduit ensuite en latin, ou prend la plume directement (Dix lettres sur l'hérésie imaginaire, 1664-1665 ; les Visionnaires, 1667). Au sein du parti janséniste, il représente une tendance intellectualiste, méfiante envers le mysticisme (Traité de l'oraison, 1679), ouverte aux influences rationalistes, celles de Descartes particulièrement. Au contraire de Barcos, le neveu de Saint-Cyran, Nicole cherche un compromis avec le monde et avec les autorités politiques. Un temps exilé aux Pays-Bas (1679-1680), il reprend, sitôt revenu, la polémique anticalviniste qu'il avait amorcée dès les années 1670. Ses Essais de morale (1671-1678) ont un grand succès. Leur finesse psychologique et leur style d'un classicisme impeccable ont grandement contribué à maintenir l'influence janséniste au-delà du cercle des théologiens. « Ce qu'il a écrit contre les jésuites n'est guère lu aujourd'hui ; et ses Essais de morale, qui sont utiles au genre humain, ne périront pas » (Voltaire).
Niepce (Joseph Nicéphore),
physicien et inventeur (Chalon-sur-Saône 1765 - Saint-Loup-de-Varennes 1833).
Après le petit séminaire et une participation aux guerres révolutionnaires, Nicéphore Niepce se lance avec son frère Claude dans des recherches qui aboutissent au moteur à explosion. Le « pyréolophore, [qui] permet de faire avancer un bateau sans voile ni rame contre le courant » est breveté par Napoléon Ier en 1807, mais ce procédé est détrôné par la vapeur : les frères Niepce doivent hypothéquer leurs biens pour assumer le coût des recherches.
À partir de 1813, Nicéphore cherche « à fixer l'image des objets, à l'aide de la gravure sur pierre, par l'action des acides aidée du concours de la lumière ». Il y parvient le 5 mai 1816 grâce à la conjugaison d'une camera oscura à mise au point réglable et de papier sensibilisé : c'est le premier appareil photographique au monde, la première photographie étant l'héliographie d'un paysage, en négatif. Le 19 juillet 1822, l'image positive est stabilisée par l'action du bitume de Judée sur une plaque de verre ou d'étain traitée à l'eau-forte. Niepce rend compte de ce résultat à Londres en 1827. Mais, si l'héliographie est au point, les Niepce sont néanmois ruinés, et, en décembre 1829, le peintre-décorateur Daguerre « offre de s'adjoindre à M. Niepce pour parvenir à des perfectionnements ». Le plus important de ceux-ci est « l'usage de la vapeur de mercure pour révéler l'image et la fixer dans les tons clairs ». Le daguerréotype naît officiellement en 1839, six ans après la mort de Niepce.
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