L'appellation de « grippe espagnole » est spécifiquement française. En effet, le bruit courut que des agents allemands en auraient introduit les germes dans des boîtes de conserve importées d'au-delà des Pyrénées. Cette rumeur traduit, d'une part, la suspicion diffuse avant même 1914, et qui fait voir partout la main de l'ennemi, et, d'autre part, l'irritation face à la concurrence économique des pays neutres, dont la production n'a pas eu à souffrir de l'effort de guerre.
grognard,
vétéran et figure mythique de la Grande Armée napoléonienne.
La rapidité étant un facteur déterminant dans la guerre de mouvement qui caractérise la stratégie napoléonienne, le soldat est souvent mis à rude épreuve. L'on dit que c'est durant la campagne de Pologne (janvier 1807), alors que l'armée française poursuit l'armée russe - qu'elle affronte à Eylau après onze jours de marche -, que Napoléon Ier a inventé ce terme pour qualifier les soldats épuisés, peinant et grommelant dans la neige, la tempête et la boue. Ce mot connaît un grand succès : il donne l'image d'un Napoléon familier et populaire au sein de l'armée, et perpétue l'aimable tradition d'un peuple français maugréant mais toujours vaillant. Homme rude et bon enfant, auréolé de gloire et vénérant l'Empereur, tel apparaît le grognard, qui, devenu demi-solde et rentré dans ses foyers sous la Restauration, ressasse les temps anciens et devient l'un des principaux propagateurs de la légende napoléonienne, à l'image du vétéran Jean-Roch Coignet, dont les Cahiers sont publiés en 1851.
grosse Bertha (la),
surnom donné à un canon allemand utilisé pendant la Première Guerre mondiale.
Au début du conflit, un énorme canon allemand qui avait causé d'importants dégâts, notamment en Belgique, avait été baptisé Bertha, du nom de la fille du constructeur, le sidérurgiste Krupp. Aussi, quand, en mars 1918, Paris est bombardée depuis la forêt de Saint-Gobain par une pièce d'artillerie à très longue portée, les habitants croient qu'il s'agit du même obusier et le surnomment, par dérision, la « grosse Bertha ». L'arme n'est pourtant pas une Bertha mais un Lange Max de 210 mm, capable de tirer à une grande distance des obus de 108 kilos.
La semaine de Pâques 1918 est pour les alliés une des pires de la guerre : l'offensive de Ludendorff est en effet un succès. Aussi peut-on comprendre la frénésie qui saisit les Français lors des bombardements de Paris, en particulier lors de la tragédie de l'église Saint-Gervais, où l'on dénombre 88 morts et autant de blessés parmi ceux qui assistaient à l'office du vendredi saint, le 29 mars. Les Allemands sont jugés doublement coupables, de crime de guerre et de sacrilège, car ce drame a eu lieu à l'heure commémorative de la mort du Sauveur. Ceux qui pensaient que les poilus se sacrifiaient en imitation du Christ y voient un espoir renouvelé dans la résurrection de tout le peuple de France.
La grosse Bertha est restée le symbole des « crimes allemands ». Elle est emblématique de la culture de guerre française, dont la charge de haine a été ravivée par l'offensive du printemps 1918.
Le nom de Grouchy est à jamais associé à Waterloo. La légende dépeint l'homme comme un incapable, responsable par son retard sur le champ de bataille de l'ultime défaite de Napoléon. Grouchy a en fait accompli une carrière honorable, jusqu'au désastre du 18 juin 1815.
De 1780 à 1787, il sert à l'école d'artillerie, puis dans la cavalerie du roi. Acquis à la Révolution, il participe aux campagnes de 1792-1793, notamment en Savoie et en Vendée. Un moment inquiété en tant qu'officier noble, il devient néanmoins général de division et chef d'état-major de Hoche après le 9 Thermidor. C'est à ce titre qu'il participe en 1796 à l'expédition d'Irlande, au cours de laquelle, séparé du gros des forces par une tempête, il refuse de prendre l'initiative de débarquer pour soutenir les Irlandais révoltés. En 1798, on le retrouve dans l'armée d'Italie. Il est fait prisonnier et ne revient en France qu'après le 18 Brumaire. Sous l'Empire, il se distingue à plusieurs reprises : en particulier en 1807 à Eylau et à Friedland. En 1813, Napoléon le nomme à la tête de sa cavalerie. Pendant les Cent-Jours, la capture du duc d'Angoulême lui vaut d'être nommé maréchal. À Waterloo, occupé à poursuivre l'armée de Blücher - selon la mission qui lui a été confiée -, il se laisse tromper sur les mouvements réels des forces prussiennes et n'empêche donc pas leur jonction avec les Anglais de Wellington. N'évaluant pas bien les difficultés que rencontre le gros de l'armée impériale, il refuse de marcher au canon pour soutenir Napoléon, comme le lui suggèrent ses lieutenants.
Proscrit en 1815, Grouchy se réfugie aux États-Unis, et ne peut rentrer en France qu'en 1821. Il retrouve son bâton de maréchal sous la monarchie de Juillet, et Louis-Philippe l'appelle à siéger à la Chambre des pairs.
Guadeloupe,
colonie française des Antilles de 1635 à 1946, puis département d'outre-mer.
En 1635, sur ordre de Belain d'Esnambuc, commandant de Saint-Christophe, Jean Duplessis d'Ossonville et Liénart de l'Olive prennent possession de la Guadeloupe pour le compte du roi de France. Les premiers planteurs de canne à sucre s'y installent en 1644 et importent des esclaves de traite. Les luttes contre les autochtones pour la confiscation du sol tournent bientôt à la guerre d'extermination, et les derniers Caraïbes évacuent l'île en 1638. Après la faillite de la Compagnie des Îles d'Amérique, la colonie est prise en main par l'administration royale en 1674. Le développement est beaucoup plus lent que celui de la Martinique, siège du gouvernement, qui monopolise l'activité commerciale. À la veille de la Révolution, l'île compte 110 000 habitants, dont 91 000 esclaves. Au cours de la guerre de Sept Ans, de 1756 à 1763, elle a connu une occupation anglaise bien accueillie par les colons, qui ont obligé le gouverneur à capituler par crainte d'un soulèvement d'esclaves.
Conquise par les Anglais en 1794, la Guadeloupe leur est reprise quelques mois plus tard par Victor Hugues, représentant de la Convention, qui fait régner de 1794 à 1798 une véritable dictature de Salut public, et abolit l'esclavage - remplacé par le régime du travail obligatoire ! -, dont le rétablissement en 1802 provoque des troubles assez graves. En outre, l'île est bientôt affectée par le blocus imposé par les Anglais, qui occupent de nouveau l'île à deux reprises, entre 1809 et 1816. Le XIXe siècle est ensuite marqué par l'abolition définitive de l'esclavage en 1848 (89 000 affranchis) et par le déclin de l'économie sucrière. Sous la IIIe République, l'établissement d'une représentation parlementaire entraîne une vie politique assez mouvementée, caractérisée notamment par des fraudes électorales (affaire du député Légitimus en 1902) et des recensements falsifiés.
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