Le site est identifié dès 1839 par une inscription gauloise qui donne le nom de la ville. Napoléon III fait entreprendre des fouilles entre 1860 et 1865, qui permettent de retrouver les fossés du siège et d'exhumer de nombreux objets (armes, monnaies, outils). Les fouilles reprennent au début du XXe siècle, cette fois sur la ville romaine. Depuis 1990, elles se déroulent à une plus grande échelle. Outre Alise, d'autres sites ont été proposés pour Alésia : Alaise (Doubs), Izernore (Ain), Aluze (Saône-et-Loire), ou encore Syam (Jura), mais aucun n'a livré de traces de siège, de combats, ni d'occupation gauloise.
Alger (bataille d'),
épisode de la guerre d'Algérie, de la fin de l'année 1956 à l'automne 1957, au cours duquel l'armée française est chargée de mettre un terme aux actions terroristes du Front de libération nationale (FLN) à Alger.
Adoptant une nouvelle stratégie, ce dernier décide d'étendre la guérilla aux zones urbaines. Le FLN de la zone autonome d'Alger (ZAA), dirigé par Larbi Ben M'Hidi, organise des grèves et des attentats à partir de l'automne 1956. La tension monte entre les communautés européenne et musulmane, et culmine le 27 décembre à l'occasion des obsèques du représentant des maires d'Algérie, Amédée Froger, qui dégénèrent en ratonnades meurtrières. Robert Lacoste, ministre-résidant, confie alors, dans le cadre de la loi sur les « pouvoirs spéciaux » de mars 1956, une mission de « pacification » aux parachutistes du général Massu, qui sont investis des pouvoirs de police. Aux attentats quotidiens du FLN répondent, à partir du 7 janvier 1957, les perquisitions, les arrestations et les interrogatoires menés par les parachutistes. La torture, ponctuellement utilisée auparavant, commence d'être pratiquée de façon systématique dans les centres de triage et de transit et à la villa Susini. Grâce à ces méthodes, l'armée réussit à briser la grève du 28 janvier et, surtout, à arrêter les principaux dirigeants de la ZAA. Toutefois, les attentats reprennent début juin sous la direction de Yacef Saadi. Cette deuxième phase de la bataille d'Alger s'achève avec la capture de Saadi le 24 septembre et le démantèlement complet, pour plusieurs années, de l'organisation clandestine d'Alger. La bataille d'Alger marque une nouvelle étape dans l'escalade militaire en Algérie. Elle suscite en outre - avec la question de la torture - une controverse d'ordre éthique.
Alger (expédition d'),
premier épisode de la conquête de l'Algérie par la France (25 mai-5 juillet 1830).
L'expédition a pour origine un contentieux commercial entre la France et le dey d'Alger (lointain vassal de l'Empire ottoman) et l'incident diplomatique du « coup d'éventail », infligé en avril 1827 par le dey Hussein au peu scrupuleux consul général de France Pierre Deval. Pour obtenir réparation de cette insulte, le gouvernement de Charles X organise le blocus d'Alger, qui s'avère long et inefficace. Trois ans plus tard, le roi décide de transformer cette opération en intervention armée, sous la pression conjointe des milieux d'affaires marseillais et des ultras de son gouvernement. Ces derniers estiment en effet qu'une expédition victorieuse redorerait le blason de la monarchie et affaiblirait l'opposition libérale. L'expédition débute le 25 mai 1830 : un corps expéditionnaire de 37 000 hommes porté par 675 vaisseaux part de Toulon. Le 14 juin, il commence à débarquer dans la baie de Sidi-Ferruch, à l'ouest d'Alger, et, de là, gagne la ville. Celle-ci se rend rapidement et est occupée le 5 juillet, tandis que le dey s'exile.
Cet épisode marque le point de départ d'une présence française en Algérie, qui va durer cent trente ans. Son importance n'a cependant pas été saisie par les contemporains : à la veille du renversement du régime, l'opposition critique ce qu'elle considère comme une coûteuse diversion aux problèmes politiques intérieurs ; et c'est sans enthousiasme que la monarchie de Juillet reprendra ce « legs onéreux de la Restauration ».
Algérie,
pays de l'Afrique du Nord dont l'histoire est particulièrement liée à celle de la France, qui l'a occupé de 1830 à 1962.
Fondée par des corsaires turcs luttant contre les Espagnols entre 1516 et 1529, la régence d'Alger constitue, pendant trois siècles, un État autonome au sein de l'Empire ottoman. L'alliance franco-turque nouée entre François Ier et Soliman le Magnifique entraîne une coopération navale et militaire contre l'Espagne en Méditerranée occidentale, l'établissement de relations diplomatiques (consulat de France à Alger, 1564) et commerciales (comptoirs et monopole de la pêche du corail sur la côte du Constantinois). Pourtant, Alger mène une guerre de course presque continue contre les navires français entre 1603 et 1689, provoquant des expéditions de représailles conduites par Tourville et Duquesne. Enfin, une « paix de cent ans » est signée en 1690, puis renouvelée en 1789. Poursuivies durant la Révolution, les relations pacifiques sont rompues par l'expédition de Bonaparte en Égypte (1798-1801), et plusieurs fois perturbées sous le Consulat et l'Empire. Dès 1808, Napoléon confie au commandant Boutin la tâche d'étudier un plan de débarquement à Sidi-Ferruch, à l'ouest d'Alger. En 1815, la France retrouve son consulat et ses comptoirs, mais plusieurs contentieux continuent à troubler les relations entre les deux pays : créances impayées au dey d'Alger pour des fournitures de blé à la République, couverture de navires étrangers par le pavillon français contre les corsaires algériens pendant la révolte grecque de 1821 à 1827, volonté de la France d'exercer sa souveraineté sur les comptoirs d'Afrique et de fortifier ces derniers. En 1827, à la suite d'une offense faite au consul de France Deval par le dey Hussein (un coup d'éventail), Paris rompt ses relations avec ce dernier et impose en vain un blocus pendant trois ans. En août 1829, après une dernière tentative de conciliation, le gouvernement du roi Charles X décide d'offrir Alger au pacha d'Égypte Méhémet-Ali, puis, le 31 janvier 1830, d'intervenir directement.
La conquête.
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