En 1335, par la bulle Fulgens sicut stella, Benoît XII, ancien cistercien, rappelle les prescriptions fondamentales nécessaires au respect des idéaux d'austérité et de cénobitisme, et souhaite un renforcement des études (théologie). Mais, après les difficultés du XIVe siècle, le Grand Schisme accentue le repli. Les liens entre les monastères se distendent ; on assiste à des rapprochements dans un cadre national, au détriment des filiations. Une situation à laquelle tente de remédier l'abbé de Cîteaux Jean de Cirey, qui promulgue de nouveaux statuts, en 1494. Comme pour d'autres ordres, le XVIIe siècle est un temps de mutations et de réformes, avec, notamment, celles du monastère de la Trappe par l'abbé Armand de Rancé, qui entend retrouver l'esprit du premier Cîteaux. La réforme fait école : au XIXe siècle, ce sont les trappistes qui sont à l'origine des tentatives de restauration. De nos jours, l'ordre comprend l'ordre de Cîteaux dit « de la Commune Observance », et l'ordre de Cîteaux dit « de la Stricte Observance », représenté par les trappistes, et d'orientation plus contemplative.
Cité (Palais de la),
palais des rois capétiens au Moyen Âge, situé à Paris, dans l'île de la Cité, à l'emplacement de l'actuel Palais de justice.
Symbole de la présence du pouvoir royal à Paris, le Palais de la Cité est indissociable de l'exercice du pouvoir et de ses institutions. À son avènement, Philippe Auguste trouve une forteresse maintes fois remaniée, qui ne comprend qu'une grande salle et deux chambres attenantes, ainsi qu'une galerie menant à une autre pièce, la « chambre verte ». Il tente d'agrandir un palais devenu exigu, mais c'est à Saint Louis qu'il appartient d'engager les premiers travaux, dont on a conservé trace. De nouveaux bâtiments s'avancent en front de Seine, sur la rive nord, qui prennent le nom de « salle sur l'eau ». La Sainte-Chapelle, située dans l'enceinte du palais, est construite entre 1239 et 1248 pour accueillir les reliques de la couronne d'épines et de la vraie croix. Les institutions royales - archives, chancellerie et, surtout, parlement - prennent place dans des bâtiments édifiés à cet effet. Le palais de Saint Louis est à la fois résidence royale et siège des institutions.
À la fin du XIIIe siècle, Philippe le Bel amplifie et modernise les réalisations de son grand-père. De nouvelles tours sont construites : la tour César, qui devient la tournelle criminelle du parlement, la tour d'Argent, qui abrite le Trésor. La Chambre des comptes est installée face à l'entrée de la Sainte-Chapelle. Le monarque n'occupe plus alors que le Logis du roi, à l'arrière du mur occidental de l'enceinte, d'où il a vue sur la Seine, les jardins et la colline de Chaillot. À sa mort, ses fils poursuivent son œuvre mais résident de moins en moins dans le palais, devenu, en revanche, le siège de l'administration la mieux organisée et la plus forte d'Europe. Les institutions royales y cohabitent jusqu'à ce que seul le parlement y demeure, comme aujourd'hui le Palais de justice. Au milieu du XIVe siècle, Jean le Bon fait bâtir la grosse tour de l'Horloge. Après lui, le Palais de la Cité est définitivement abandonné en tant que résidence royale. Il n'en reste plus aujourd'hui que la Conciergerie, qui servit de prison pendant la Révolution.
rassemblement de militantes révolutionnaires d'origine populaire qui, pour « déjouer les ennemis de la République », reforment, le 10 mai 1793, un club de femmes à Paris, où il n'en existait plus.
Sans réclamer publiquement l'égalité politique, elles veulent armer les femmes, revendiquant ainsi l'un des fondements de la citoyenneté. Appartenant à la sans-culotterie parisienne, et proches des cordeliers, elles s'engagent très activement, au printemps 1793, dans la lutte contre les girondins. Après la chute de ces derniers, leur rôle est reconnu par les autorités révolutionnaires. Mais, en septembre 1793, sous l'impulsion de ses deux principales dirigeantes, Pauline Léon et Claire Lacombe, leur club défend des opinions « enragées ». Elles multiplient les interventions auprès des sections parisiennes, réclamant l'application de la Constitution et le renouvellement de la Convention, l'épuration des administrations, la création de tribunaux révolutionnaires, l'arrestation des suspects, etc. Leurs positions extrémistes dérangent. Le 16 septembre, Claire Lacombe et ses amies sont attaquées au Club des jacobins, et traitées de « femmes prétendues révolutionnaires ». À travers elles, c'est la participation des femmes à la politique qui est visée. Le 30 octobre 1793, prenant prétexte d'une rixe les ayant opposées aux « dames de la halle », réfractaires au port du bonnet rouge, la Convention interdit tous les clubs féminins, et réaffirme que les femmes ne peuvent pas jouir des droits politiques.
Citroën (André),
industriel (Paris 1878 - id. 1935).
Ancien polytechnicien, il fabrique d'abord des engrenages à chevrons - d'où le logo au double chevron -, avant de fonder en 1915 une usine de munitions à Paris, quai de Javel, reconvertie dans l'industrie automobile en 1919. Il est, en France, l'un des promoteurs du taylorisme et du travail à la chaîne. Il dispose d'un laboratoire de recherche intégré, lance la voiture de série (la Torpédo, la Trèfle...), les véhicules « tout acier » et le moteur flottant, qui équipe la Rosalie. Il installe de grands garages concessionnaires, et recourt à la vente à crédit et à la publicité. L'usine de Paris, complétée par trois autres établissements en banlieue, est entièrement reconstruite en 1931 ; mais, après le coûteux lancement de la « traction avant », la firme fait faillite, et Michelin, l'un des créanciers, reprend l'affaire en 1935. Toutefois, Citroën reste fidèle à son image novatrice. La voiture populaire qu'est la 2 CV, dont le prototype est prêt dès 1939, est fabriquée massivement à partir de 1948. Dans le domaine des grosses berlines, la DS, avec sa suspension hydropneumatique, succède à la « traction » en 1955. Cependant, le renouvellement trop lent de la gamme explique un déclin, qui s'accompagne de difficultés financières à la fin des années soixante. En 1974, Peugeot et Citroën s'associent, utilisant peu à peu la même « banque d'organes » (moteurs et châssis communs) ; deux ans plus tard, la marque au lion absorbe son associé au sein de PSA Peugeot-Citroën. L'outil industriel Citroën est entièrement remodelé, avec la fermeture des usines de Paris et de l'Ouest parisien, et avec la concentration de la production dans les usines de Rennes et d'Aulnay-sous-Bois, complétées par des unités lorraine et espagnole.
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