Aux XVe et XVIe siècles, le mouvement de rédaction est réactivé, cette fois sur instructions officielles. L'ordonnance de Montils-lès-Tours, sous Charles VII (1454), demande de consigner toutes les coutumes du royaume ; elles devront être enregistrées au parlement, et auront donc force de loi. Après la rédaction de la coutume de Bourgogne (1459), et la confirmation de celle de Touraine (1463), il faudra attendre les années 1500 pour que la pratique se généralise : Chartres (1508), Orléans (1509), Paris et Auvergne (1510), Poitou (1514), Bretagne et Berry (1534), etc. Une première étape est franchie dans l'unification du droit, qui va s'accélérant au cours des siècles suivants.
L'effacement du droit coutumier.
• La réflexion des légistes royaux fait reculer peu à peu la part coutumière du droit, au profit du pouvoir législatif souverain, lié à la construction de l'État moderne. L'aboutissement de leurs théories se rencontre chez les philosophes et les juristes du XVIIIe siècle : les idées de souveraineté du peuple, de régime représentatif et de séparation des pouvoirs conduisent à reconnaître la loi comme source unique du droit. Le Code civil (1804) ignore le mot « coutume », remplacé par le terme, proche, d'« usage », qui s'en distingue, car il n'inclut pas d'obligation. Au XXe siècle, cependant, on assiste à une réhabilitation du droit coutumier dans des domaines particuliers (règlement de certains contentieux de voisinage, droit disciplinaire, droit international, etc.).
Couve de Murville (Maurice),
diplomate et homme politique (Reims 1907- Paris 1999).
Inspecteur des finances en 1930, ce haut fonctionnaire, image de la rigueur protestante, est attaché financier à Bruxelles, puis directeur des finances extérieures et des changes en 1940, après un passage au cabinet de Paul Reynaud. Révoqué par le gouvernement de Vichy, il gagne Alger en 1943. C'est en tant que partisan de Giraud qu'il est nommé commissaire aux Finances dans le Comité français de libération nationale (CFLN), avant de se rallier aux points de vue du général de Gaulle. Il passe alors des Finances à la diplomatie : il est le représentant du CFLN, puis, après la Libération, ambassadeur en Italie, responsable des affaires politiques au Quai d'Orsay, ambassadeur en Égypte, auprès de l'OTAN, aux États-Unis et en Allemagne. Il fait figure d'expert en diplomatie lorsqu'en juin 1958 il devient ministre des Affaires étrangères, poste qu'il occupera pendant dix ans en technicien inventif et en porte-parole scrupuleux de la diplomatie gaullienne. Nommé Premier ministre en juillet 1968, après quelques semaines aux Finances, il est chargé de ramener le gouvernement à l'orthodoxie gaullienne, après une dérive pompidolienne, conservatrice et libérale. Mais il ne peut éviter l'échec du référendum de 1969 et la démission de de Gaulle, qui met fin à sa carrière ministérielle. Député de Paris en 1973, président de la commission des Affaires étrangères, sénateur en 1986, il continue d'incarner l'héritage gaulliste, condamnant le projet de quinquennat ou l'alignement sur les États-Unis lors de la guerre du Golfe.
Crécy (bataille de),
bataille conclue par la défaite du roi de France Philippe VI face au roi d'Angleterre Édouard III, le 26 août 1346.
Première bataille rangée de la guerre de Cent Ans, l'affrontement qui oppose, sur les plateaux de Picardie, la nombreuse mais désordonnée armée du roi de France à la petite armée du roi d'Angleterre, tourne au profit des Anglais.
Débarqué à Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue (Normandie) le 11 juillet 1346, Édouard III aspire à effectuer une simple chevauchée sur le continent. Mais le roi de France, qui entend l'empêcher de gagner le Nord, veut en découdre. Le choc se produit en Picardie, près d'Abbeville, où les Anglais cherchent un port de rembarquement. Bien organisée, l'armée anglaise dispose d'un corps d'archers très efficace et, pour la première fois sur un champ de bataille occidental, d'une artillerie à feu, alors que l'armée du roi de France, appuyée par des arbalétriers gênois, arrive fourbue, dans le plus grand désordre, au coucher du soleil. Le combat est un véritable massacre de chevaliers français. Disparaissent dans la mêlée le roi de Bohême Jean l'Aveugle, le comte de Flandre Louis de Nevers, le frère du roi, Charles comte d'Alençon. L'armée du roi de France, défaite, est incapable de s'opposer plus avant à la chevauchée anglaise. En août 1347, l'armée anglaise s'emparera de Calais, qui, pendant plus de deux siècles, lui servira de tête de pont.
Crédit agricole (Caisse nationale de),
établissement de crédit dont l'origine remonte à l'année 1894, quand sont reconnues officiellement les premières caisses mutuelles créées par des membres de syndicats paysans.
C'est la loi du 5 août 1920, devenue titre V du Code rural, qui donne à cette branche du crédit les traits essentiels qui resteront les siens jusqu'à la fin des années quatre-vingt. La « banque verte » est organisée selon trois échelons : local, régional et national. Les caisses locales ont une forme coopérative et leur activité consiste en l'examen des demandes de prêts (à taux bonifiés par l'État jusqu'au milieu des années quatre-vingt) et en la transmission des dossiers aux caisses régionales, lesquelles prennent les décisions d'octroi ou de refus. La Caisse nationale de Crédit agricole (CNCA), confirmée dans son rôle d'organe central du réseau par la loi « bancaire » du 24 janvier 1984, est un établissement public, avant d'être transformée par la loi de janvier 1988 en société anonyme - la nomination de son directeur général restant toutefois soumise à l'agrément des ministères de tutelle (Agriculture et Finances). Cette même loi organise la « mutualisation » de la CNCA en transférant aux caisses régionales la totalité de ses actions. Le réseau, qui jouit d'un quasi-monopole dans le monde agricole, est également le premier distributeur de crédit immobilier. Si, jusqu'à l'orée des années quatre-vingt, le Crédit agricole ne pouvait prospecter la clientèle des entreprises, son statut s'est depuis lors banalisé : ayant perdu ses privilèges fiscaux, il est devenu l'une des premières banques urbaines et l'un des plus grands ensembles bancaires au monde avec l'acquisition de la totalité du capital du Crédit lyonnais.
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