Les socialistes connaissent alors une grave crise interne. Michel Rocard succède à Laurent Fabius à la direction du parti. Mais ses efforts de redressement sont ruinés par le médiocre résultat aux élections européennes de 1994. Il est remplacé par Henri Emmanuelli, qui entend redonner une « ligne de gauche » au PS. Le déclin est arrêté mai 1995 : Lionel Jospin, désigné candidat par les militants au cours d'une « primaire » interne, obtient 47,3 % des suffrages au second tour de l'élection présidentielle. Le Parti socialiste - malgré la scission conduite par Jean-Pierre Chevènement - demeure le premier parti de la gauche. Lionel Jospin, devenu Premier ministre en juin 1997 à la suite d'élections législatives anticipées gagnées par la « gauche plurielle » qui rassemble socialistes, communistes et écologistes, conduit une politique qui entend retrouver une cohérence programmatique et renouer le dialogue avec les partis et les mouvements de gauche. Il tente de placer le socialisme français sous le signe du « réalisme de gauche ».
Toutefois, désavoué par une partie des électeurs à la gauche du PS lors des élections présidentielles et législatives de 2002, le PS retourne dans l'opposition et se trouve confronté à nouveau au même problème entre ancrage à gauche et contraintes économiques, tandis que de nouvelles tensions se font jour lors du référendum sur le projet de constitution européenne en mai 2005, où une partie des socialistes, menée par Laurent Fabius se prononce pour le « non », contre l'avis de la direction du PS.
Société générale,
banque créée en 1864 à l'initiative de Paulin Talabot (1799-1885).
Talabot est, à l'origine, un industriel influencé par le saint-simonisme qui, pour assurer le développement de ses mines, forges et aciéries, recourt aux méthodes de production les plus modernes (procédé Bessemer, pour l'acier) et investit massivement dans le chemin de fer. Afin notamment de financer ces compagnies ferroviaires, il crée une banque sur le modèle de la Société générale de Belgique, s'entourant d'hommes d'affaires anglais et néerlandais et obtenant la participation de plusieurs autres administrateurs de la société de chemin de fer PLM. Dès 1874, la Société générale possède 50 agences à Paris et engage sur l'ensemble du territoire une véritable « course au guichet » avec sa concurrente provinciale, le Crédit lyonnais, qui trouve elle-même rapidement une assise nationale. En 1931, la « Générale » possède 1 514 sièges permanents et périodiques. À la Libération, elle est l'une des « quatre vieilles » à être nationalisée, avec le Crédit lyonnais, le CNEP, la BNCI. Avant d'être privatisée en 1987, en même temps que Paribas, Suez et le Crédit Commercial de France.
Soissons (congrès de),
conférence diplomatique réunie à Soissons en 1728 visant à faire cesser l'état de guerre larvée entre les puissances européennes.
Les années 1720 sont marquées par diverses initiatives visant à assurer la stabilité de l'Europe après le bouleversement engendré par la guerre de la Succession d'Espagne (1701-1714). Un premier congrès général des puissances se tient à Cambrai (1724) pour tenter de régler les problèmes entre la maison de Bourbon et la maison de Habsbourg, mais c'est un échec retentissant. En 1725, l'Europe apparaît comme coupée en deux : d'un côté, l'Espagne s'est rapprochée de l'Autriche - elle-même alliée à la Russie -, de l'autre, l'axe franco-britannique, dont les maîtres d'œuvre sont le cardinal Fleury, ministre de Louis XV, et le Premier ministre anglais Walpole, tente d'éviter une guerre générale. De 1725 à 1727, les deux blocs sont en état de guerre larvée. La diplomatie de Fleury réussit néanmoins à organiser un congrès : les plénipotentiaires français, espagnols et impériaux se réunissent à Soissons, le 14 juin 1728. Les séances de négociations sont censées aborder le problème de Gibraltar et de Mahón (port des Baléares) - sites occupés par les Anglais et réclamés par l'Espagne - ainsi que celui de l'établissement en Italie de l'infant don Carlos. Par ailleurs, des problèmes secondaires, tel celui des privilèges des Compagnies commerciales, doivent être évoqués. Le congrès, qui n'aboutit à aucun résultat tangible, passe tout au long du XVIIIe siècle, auprès des philosophes des Lumières, pour l'archétype de la réunion diplomatique inutile et bavarde.
Soissons (vase de),
vase appartenant à un butin remporté par l'armée franque après la bataille livrée à Soissons contre les troupes de Syagrius, en 486.
Au moment du partage du butin, pour se concilier l'Église, Clovis décida qu'un vase sacré serait restitué à l'évêque de la ville, enfreignant ainsi la coutume germanique selon laquelle tout le butin doit être distribué également et par tirage au sort. L'un de ses guerriers s'y opposa et brisa l'objet d'un coup de hache. Autant que d'une insolence, il s'agissait de l'application d'une méthode traditionnelle de répartition : en effet, les objets d'orfèvrerie n'étaient appréciés que pour leur contenu en métal précieux et étaient donc fréquemment brisés afin de permettre le partage. Le guerrier franc était donc dans son droit ; cependant, son attitude remettait en cause l'autorité absolue que le souverain franc prétendait exercer sur son peuple, à la mode romaine. En outre, la question des objets liturgiques risquait de compromettre la politique de bons rapports que, dès avant son baptême, Clovis avait instituée avec l'épiscopat gallo-romain. En conséquence, le roi tira vengeance de cet acte : l'année suivante, lors de la revue des armes tenue avant le départ en campagne, Clovis trouva un défaut à la tenue de son soldat, qu'il exécuta lui-même sur-le-champ en disant : « C'est ainsi que tu as fait à Soissons avec le vase. »
L'anecdote, abondamment reprise dans les manuels d'histoire, illustre non pas la barbarie de Clovis, mais le changement de nature de son pouvoir : il est désormais un roi protecteur de l'Église, et non un chef de bande aux prérogatives bornées par les exigences de ses guerriers.
Soldat inconnu (le),
soldat français non identifié dont les restes ont été inhumés sous l'Arc de triomphe le 11 novembre 1920.
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