Docteur en médecine (1744), Quesnay passe au service de Mme de Pompadour (1749) puis devient associé libre de l'Académie des sciences (1751). Il est anobli pour avoir sauvé le dauphin de la petite vérole (1752), et acquiert la charge de premier médecin ordinaire du roi (1755-1761). Converti alors à l'économie, il rédige pour l'Encyclopédie, en 1756-1757, les articles « évidence », « fermiers » et « grains » (« homme » et « impôts » ne sont pas publiés). Le Tableau économique (1758), que suivent d'autres ouvrages, expose les principes de sa « science économique ». Entouré de disciples, qui se réunissent périodiquement dans son logement du château de Versailles, à partir de 1762-1763, il collabore de 1765 à 1772 au Journal de l'agriculture puis aux Éphémérides du citoyen ; Dupont de Nemours rassemble ses articles dans Physiocratie ou Constitution naturelle du gouvernement le plus avantageux au genre humain (1767). La physiocratie jouissant d'une moindre faveur après 1770, Quesnay consacre les deux dernières années de sa vie à l'étude des mathématiques.
Queuille (Henri),
homme politique (Neuvic-d'Ussel, Corrèze, 1884 - Paris 1970).
Médecin, maire de sa ville natale de 1912 à 1965 (sauf sous le régime de Vichy), il accomplit une longue carrière de parlementaire : député de 1914 à 1935, sénateur de 1935 à 1940, puis à nouveau député de 1946 à 1958. Dans l'entre-deux-guerres, ce notable radical exerce également des responsabilités gouvernementales, au ministère de l'Agriculture (en tant que sous-secrétaire d'État puis ministre pendant une période cumulée de près de huit ans), mais aussi dans d'autres départements ministériels : Santé publique, PTT, Travaux publics, où il gère la création de la SNCF (1937). Il s'abstient lors du vote des pleins pouvoirs au maréchal Pétain le 10 juillet 1940, se retire en Corrèze, avant de gagner Londres en 1943. Il devient vice-président du Comité français de libération nationale (CFLN), apportant au général de Gaulle sa caution de républicain de la vieille école, malgré ses réserves quant au style gaulliste. Il participe à la reconstitution du Parti radical à la Libération, et occupe plusieurs postes ministériels sous la IVe République. Président du Conseil de septembre 1948 à octobre 1949 (le plus long ministère de la législature), il réprime les grèves des mineurs avec son ministre de l'Intérieur Jules Moch, et reporte les élections cantonales, évitant un raz de marée des gaullistes du RPF. En 1951, de nouveau à Matignon, il « invente » le système des apparentements afin d'assurer la majorité à la « troisième force » face aux communistes et aux gaullistes. Ces habiletés subalternes sont sans doute en partie le reflet de l'immobilisme d'un homme pour qui « tout problème peut être réglé par une longue absence de solution », mais elles permettent à la IVe République de circonscrire ses opposants irréductibles : le ministre-technicien de la IIIe prouve ainsi qu'il est aussi un chef de gouvernement avisé.
Quiberon (expédition de),
tentative de débarquement organisée par les chefs chouans avec l'aide des Anglais.
Le 27 juin 1795, en baie de Quiberon, sur la côte sud de la Bretagne, où 18 000 chouans sont rassemblés, des bâtiments de la flotte britannique débarquent 4 500 hommes, des milliers de fusils et d'uniformes, ainsi que plusieurs mois de vivres, pour lutter contre les troupes républicaines. Cette action doit assurer la victoire aux royalistes ; le fiasco n'en sera que plus terrible.
La disparité règne au sein des troupes : des émigrés ayant combattu le régime révolutionnaire - dont beaucoup de jeunes nobles - côtoient des prisonniers républicains français, sortis pour l'occasion des pontons anglais ; le commandement est divisé entre Puisaye, ancien révolutionnaire fédéraliste, proclamé général des chouans, et le comte d'Hervilly, qui a seul la confiance des princes français en exil ; les nobles méprisent les chouans, dont la masse pourtant constitue une force indispensable. Le débarquement, réalisé sans encombres, ne s'accompagne d'aucune offensive décisive. Aussi, le général républicain Hoche en profite-t-il pour rassembler ses hommes et engager, le 20 juillet, une bataille qui rejette à la mer une partie des émigrés, fait entre 800 et 1 200 morts parmi les royalistes (contre 23 parmi les républicains) et plus de 6 200 prisonniers. En un geste politique, la quasi-totalité des chouans sont libérés tandis que 750 personnes (les chefs et l'élite nobiliaire) sont passées par les armes.
L'échec de l'expédition illustre la fragilité des alliances entre émigrés et Britanniques, entre nobles et chouans ; il est exploité par le Directoire, qui insiste sur la collusion des émigrés avec les étrangers en guerre contre le pays.
Quierzy (capitulaire de),
texte promulgué par le roi Charles II le Chauve le 14 juin 877, à Quierzy-sur-Oise, à l'issue d'une assemblée générale des évêques et des comtes du royaume.
Empereur depuis 875, Charles se prépare à partir pour l'Italie, où le pape Jean VIII l'appelle au secours. Or, la plupart des grands du royaume sont hostiles à cette expédition et le roi lui-même n'a guère confiance en son fils, Louis le Bègue, auquel il doit confier le gouvernement : aussi établit-il à ses côtés un Conseil de régence, formé de membres, laïcs et ecclésiastiques, de l'aristocratie franque. Le capitulaire règle l'organisation du royaume en son absence, de manière que l'équilibre des pouvoirs entre les grands et le roi ne soit pas menacé. Les articles 8 et 9 - les plus célèbres - stipulent qu'en cas de décès d'un détenteur d'une charge publique ou d'un bénéfice royal, nul n'aura le pouvoir d'établir un successeur avant le retour du roi. Ainsi, Charles préserve le droit exclusif du monarque de nommer à toutes ces charges, mais il réserve aussi les droits du fils du défunt, auquel il donnera la priorité. Il ne s'agit cependant pas d'une procédure de transmission automatique des fonctions publiques, puisque l'investiture royale reste nécessaire et que le roi conserve le droit de choisir son successeur. Cette mesure vise surtout à inciter les grands à participer à l'expédition italienne.
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