Par le coup d'État royal du 24 avril 1617, au cours duquel Concini est assassiné sur ordre de Louis XIII, elle est écartée du pouvoir. Reléguée au château de Blois, elle s'en évade en 1619 grâce à la complicité du duc d'Épernon, et se joint aux complots nobiliaires tramés contre son fils. La « guerre de la mère et du fils » se termine pitoyablement à la « drôlerie des Ponts-de-Cé » (août 1620). Rentrée en grâce par l'entremise de Richelieu, qui lui devait ses débuts en politique, elle retrouve sa place au Conseil (1622), où elle fait entrer le Cardinal (1624). Mais elle ne tarde pas à s'opposer à la politique anti-espagnole de son ancien protégé, dont elle n'a de cesse d'obtenir le renvoi. Elle croit y parvenir le 10 novembre 1630, mais un ultime revirement de Louis XIII conforte la situation du Cardinal, sorti vainqueur de cette « journée des dupes », et signe la disgrâce définitive de la reine mère. Assignée à résidence à Compiègne, elle s'en évade en 1631, et vivra ses dernières années en exil, trouvant d'abord refuge aux Pays-Bas, puis en Hollande et en Angleterre, avant de s'éteindre à Cologne le 3 juillet 1642.
La corruption de son entourage, ses intrigues parfois rocambolesques, mais aussi l'efficacité de la propagande de ses adversaires, au premier rang desquels Richelieu, lui ont valu une médiocre réputation. On doit pourtant lui reconnaître d'avoir, dans des circonstances difficiles, préservé l'héritage d'Henri IV, et d'avoir su réunir, pour son palais du Luxembourg, quelques-uns des meilleurs artistes de son temps, dont Rubens, auteur d'une série de vingt sept toiles illustrant la vie de Marie de Médicis, série présentée aujourd'hui au Louvre.
Marie
et Barangé (lois), textes législatifs dont l'adoption, en septembre 1951, alors que René Pleven est président du Conseil, rouvre la querelle scolaire et fragilise considérablement la majorité de la « troisième force ».
La loi Marie (du nom du ministre radical de l'Éducation nationale André Marie) est adoptée par 361 voix contre 236 ; elle étend l'accès aux bourses de l'enseignement secondaire aux élèves des écoles privées. La loi Barangé (ainsi nommée, car le député MRP Charles Barangé est le premier signataire, par ordre alphabétique, de la proposition de loi) remporte 313 voix contre 255 ; elle prévoit des crédits pour les bâtiments scolaires de l'enseignement public du premier degré et met en place une allocation trimestrielle de 1 000 francs par élève du primaire, que celui-ci soit inscrit dans une école publique ou privée. Ces deux dispositions sont défendues par les députés tant MRP qu'indépendants et modérés, soutenus par le groupe RPF. Elles soulèvent d'âpres discussions et provoquent la division du Parti radical : pour certains, elles apportent à l'école publique un accroissement de ressources supérieur aux subventions allouées à l'école privée ; mais, pour d'autres, elles constituent une atteinte grave à la laïcité. Les socialistes et les communistes votent contre, et s'engagent à obtenir leur abrogation. De ce fait, la « troisième force » cesse d'exister : soutenu depuis sa formation, en août 1951, - mais sans participation - par la SFIO, le gouvernement Pleven tombe le 7 janvier 1952. Après un éphémère cabinet dirigé par Edgar Faure, Antoine Pinay (Centre national des indépendants et paysans) devient président du Conseil, en mars 1952, grâce à l'appui des députés gaullistes, marquant ainsi le retour de la droite dans la vie politique de la IVe République.
Marie Leszczynska,
reine de France (Breslau, Pologne, 1703 - Versailles 1768).
Fille de Stanislas Leszczynski, roi déchu de Pologne, et femme de Louis XV, qui tôt la délaisse, l'avant-dernière reine de l'Ancien Régime a une vie douloureuse.
Jeune, rien ne prédestine la petite réfugiée de Stettin, des Deux-Ponts et de Wissembourg à régner. Mais, à Versailles, Louis XV, âgé de 15 ans, est de santé fragile. Sa fiancée, l'infante d'Espagne, n'a que 7 ans. Le duc d'Orléans et Philippe V d'Espagne guettent le trône de France. Le duc de Bourbon, alors Premier ministre (1723-1726), doit donc trouver une princesse en âge de donner rapidement un fils au roi. Sa maîtresse, Mme de Prie, voit en Marie Leszczynska, 22 ans, ce « ventre » providentiel ! L'infante renvoyée à Madrid, le mariage polonais conclu (1725), la reine accouche. En dix ans, elle mettra au monde dix enfants, dont sept survivront. Mais la naissance d'un seul fils - le Dauphin, en 1729 - et le tempérament de son époux éloignent Marie du roi, qui s'éprend dès 1732 des quatre filles du marquis de Nesles, Mmes de Mailly, de Vintimille, de Lauragais, de La Tournelle ; puis de Mme de Pompadour en 1744. En 1764, le soulagement que procure la mort de cette dernière est de courte durée : la disparition du Dauphin (1765), puis celle de Stanislas (1766) assombrissent tout à fait le salon déjà mesquin et dévot de la reine vieillissante, à laquelle le roi préfère désormais l'éclat des 25 ans de Mme du Barry.
Marie-Louise,
archiduchesse autrichienne, devenue impératrice des Français (Vienne 1791 - Parme 1847).
Soucieux de consolider son pouvoir par la perspective de le transmettre à un héritier direct tout en renforçant son système d'alliances diplomatiques, Napoléon, en 1809, décide de négocier son remariage avec une princesse européenne. L'échec des pourparlers engagés avec la Russie permet à l'Autriche de proposer la main de la fille de l'empereur François Ier. Le mariage par procuration se déroule à Vienne le 11 mars 1810, puis la première rencontre des deux époux a lieu le 27 mars. Élevée dans la haine de la France, où sa grand-tante Marie-Antoinette a été guillotinée, Marie-Louise ressent une véritable acrimonie pour ce « Corsicain » dont les armées triomphent si souvent des Autrichiens. Mais douée d'une faible personnalité, elle se laisse peu à peu convaincre que cet homme n'a rien d'un monstre et qu'elle aura, si elle devient impératrice des Français, le plaisir d'être le centre d'une cour brillante et de jouer un rôle politique important.
Marie-Louise se révèle une épouse docile et affectueuse, d'autant plus appréciée par Napoléon qu'elle lui donne, le 20 mars 1811, l'héritier qu'il espérait. En dépit de son attitude hautaine, elle ne suscite aucune médisance et chacun reconnaît qu'elle tient dignement son rang. En 1813, elle est une régente sans esprit de décision, bien qu'elle soit animée du désir de favoriser la résistance française. Et, lorsque Napoléon se trouve à l'île d'Elbe, elle le prie de l'autoriser à le rejoindre. Mais son père l'encourage à revenir à Vienne et la pousse dans les bras du comte von Neipperg. Elle renonce dès lors à partager le sort de son mari, qu'elle ne reverra jamais. Devenue duchesse de Parme, elle s'installe en 1816 dans sa principauté, où elle finira ses jours.
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