• À la Libération, la législation républicaine n'est pas rétablie purement et simplement dans les territoires recouvrés : on y maintient le Concordat, l'école publique confessionnelle et divers textes de droit local relatifs aux cultes, à la chasse, au régime de la Sécurité sociale. Quant aux liens tissés entre la Moselle et l'Alsace, ils se dénouent avec le rétablissement de la cour d'appel de Metz (1972) et le détachement de la Moselle de l'académie de Strasbourg.
Aujourd'hui, l'expression « Alsace-Lorraine » appartient à l'histoire. La seule formule légale est celle d'« Alsace et Moselle ». Outre les particularismes locaux, l'héritage le plus important de l'Alsace-Lorraine est la structure territoriale des départements du Bas-Rhin, du Haut-Rhin et de la Moselle, puisque les départements, tels qu'ils étaient découpés antérieurement à 1870, n'ont jamais été reconstitués.
Ambiens,
peuple gaulois de la région d'Amiens, qui a laissé son nom à cette ville.
Les Ambiens, ou Ambiani, sont l'un des peuples belges, occupants de l'actuelle Picardie qui, au cours du IIe siècle avant notre ère, y dominent politiquement tout le nord-ouest de la Gaule. Les photographies aériennes ont révélé tout un tissu d'agglomérations gauloises, avec places fortes, villages, fermes isolées. Des sanctuaires sont également connus, le plus célèbre étant celui de Ribemont-sur-Ancre (Somme), où ont été mis au jour des corps humains découpés. Les Ambiens possédaient aussi une économie monétaire, mais le monnayage d'or semble avoir tenu une place relativement limitée.
Après avoir soumis les peuples belges, dès 57 avant J.-C., César réunit en 54 avant J.-C. à Samarobriva (l'actuelle Amiens) une assemblée des Gaulois et y installa ses quartiers d'hiver. La ville tenait son nom de la rivière Somme (Samara, en gaulois), franchissable à cet endroit. Si l'on n'a pas encore retrouvé de vestiges de cette époque, on sait que la ville a connu un développement spectaculaire sous l'Empire romain, avant de devenir, à la fin du Ier siècle de notre ère, l'une des villes gauloises les plus importantes, comptant sans doute 20 000 habitants. On y a retrouvé tout un système urbain, avec de larges rues, un réseau d'égouts, des portiques et de nombreux monuments (forum, temple, amphithéâtre, bains, etc.). La ville, qui souffrit des premières invasions, fut puissamment fortifiée au IIIe siècle et devint le siège d'une importante garnison.
Amboise (conjuration d'),
complot protestant ourdi en mars 1560 pour soustraire le jeune François II à l'influence des Guises.
Sous l'impulsion d'Antoine de Bourbon et du prince de Condé, le parti huguenot entend mettre fin aux persécutions qui l'accablent depuis le règne d'Henri II : en brisant l'influence politique du duc François de Guise et de son frère Charles, cardinal de Lorraine, il espère ouvrir la voie de la conciliation et soumettre au roi ses doléances. Confié à un gentilhomme périgourdin, Godefroi de La Renaudie, le complot s'assigne pour mission de surprendre la cour à Blois, le 6 mai 1560. Cinq cents gentilshommes sont recrutés à cet effet. Mais la conspiration est révélée aux Guises, qui reçoivent de nombreux avis en provenance d'Allemagne et d'Espagne. La cour se retire alors à Amboise. Godefroi de La Renaudie n'en décide pas moins de maintenir l'assaut, qui échoue lamentablement faute d'une coordination suffisante. Une répression impitoyable, aux allures de spectacle macabre, conclut, le 15 mars, l'aventure des conjurés : attachés à la queue des chevaux, les fuyards sont ramenés et pendus aux créneaux du château d'Amboise. Le jeune Agrippa d'Aubigné, alors âgé de 8 ans, se souviendra toujours de l'injonction solennelle que son père lui a adressée devant les corps des suppliciés : « Il ne faut pas que ta tête soit épargnée après la mienne pour venger ces chefs pleins d'honneur. » La répression ayant rendu les haines inexpiables, toutes les conditions sont désormais réunies pour que se déclenchent les guerres de Religion.
Amboise (Georges Ier
, cardinal d'), prélat et ministre (Chaumont-sur-Loire 1460 - Lyon 1510).
Georges d'Amboise est voué dès son plus jeune âge à une carrière ecclésiastique. Aumônier de Charles VIII, il reste toutefois lié aux Orléans par tradition familiale : emprisonné en 1487, puis exilé dans son diocèse de Montauban, il revient à la cour au printemps 1490 et y œuvre avec succès à la libération du duc d'Orléans, dont il devient le principal conseiller. Nommé en 1493 archevêque de Narbonne, puis de Rouen - l'un des sièges diocésains les plus riches de France -, il participe activement à l'administration de la Normandie, dont le duc d'Orléans est le gouverneur. Ce dernier ayant accédé au trône sous le nom de Louis XII, il devient, dès avril 1498, son principal ministre et joue un grand rôle dans la définition d'une nouvelle politique étrangère, marquée par les annexions de la Lombardie et de Gênes, et par la constitution de la ligue de Cambrai contre Venise. Créé cardinal en septembre 1498, légat du pape en France en 1501, il échoue de peu à l'élection au pontificat en 1503. Jules II aurait dit de lui qu'il était « le véritable roi de France ».
Habile diplomate, administrateur rigoureux de la justice et des finances royales, très populaire, tuteur de François d'Angoulême - futur François Ier -, mécène richissime et brillant qui contribua à l'introduction en France de la renaissance artistique italienne, Georges d'Amboise est le premier grand cardinal-ministre ; un modèle auquel il sera fait référence à l'époque de Richelieu et de Mazarin, comme le montre la publication, en 1634, d'une Histoire de l'administration du cardinal d'Amboise, grand ministre d'Estat en France où se lisent les effets de la prudence et de la sagesse politique, rédigée par Michel Baudier, conseiller historiographe du roi Louis XIII.
Amédée VIII,
comte (1391-1416) puis duc de Savoie (1416-1440), antipape sous le nom de Félix V (1439-1449), cardinal de 1449 à 1451 (Chambéry 1383 - Genève 1451).
Fils d'Amédée VII, dit le Comte rouge, et de Bonne de Berry, Amédée VIII devient comte de Savoie en 1391, à la suite de la mort tragique de son père. Alors mineur, il est d'abord placé sous la tutelle de sa grand-mère Bonne de Bourbon, puis d'un conseil de régence composé, notamment, d'hommes proches de Philippe le Hardi, duc de Bourgogne, dont il épouse la fille Marie. Son gouvernement personnel commence en 1398. Il mène une politique d'expansion territoriale de grande envergure - annexion du Genevois en 1401, achat d'enclaves en Bresse et en Bugey, acquisition du Piémont en 1419, affermissement du contrôle sur Nice -, consacrant la principauté savoyarde comme l'un des États princiers les plus puissants de la fin du Moyen Âge. Signe de cette puissance, le comté de Savoie est élevé au rang de duché par l'empereur Sigismond, en février 1416. Grand diplomate, Amédée VIII est aussi à l'origine d'une importante œuvre législative tendant à unifier davantage les différentes composantes territoriales de ses États. Plusieurs statuts, parmi lesquels les Statuta sabaudiae de 1430, visent à améliorer l'administration et l'exercice de la justice. Par ailleurs, Amédée VIII est le commanditaire d'une Chronique de Savoie rédigée par Jean Cabaret d'Orville entre 1417 et 1419.
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