Au XIXe siècle, on retrouve ce symbole au cœur des luttes politiques. La gauche en fait la représentation de la République, alors que la droite lui préfère le casque ou la couronne antiques. Il faudra attendre la fin du siècle pour que la femme au bonnet phrygien symbolise de nouveau officiellement la Nation, sur les statues, les bustes disposés dans les mairies, les pièces de monnaie ou les timbres-poste.
Bonneval Pacha (Claude Alexandre, comte de Bonneval, dit),
général (Coussac-Bonneval, Haute-Vienne, 1675 - Constantinople 1747).
Ce cadet de bonne noblesse limousine, tour à tour au service de Louis XIV, des Habsbourg et du Grand Turc, incarne la quintessence des inquiétudes et des frustrations nobiliaires de son temps face à l'État moderne. Entré dans la marine à 11 ans, il en est congédié, à la suite d'un duel, en 1697, puis il obtient une sous-lieutenance aux gardes-françaises, qu'il troque, en 1701, contre le régiment de Labour. Des démêlés avec Chamillart, secrétaire d'État à la Guerre, l'amènent à passer à l'ennemi, en 1706. Ayant conquis l'amitié du prince Eugène de Savoie et le grade de général, il se couvre de gloire à Peterwardein (1716) en repoussant un assaut de janissaires ; mais il scelle sa propre perte en épousant le mécontentement des nobles des Pays-Bas contre le représentant de Vienne, en 1724. Il se réfugie alors à Venise, avant de se résigner à passer dans l'Empire ottoman, en 1729, puis à se convertir à l'islam. Conseiller diplomatique et militaire du diwan, il s'attache à faire de la Sublime Porte le pivot de toutes les coalitions anti-autrichiennes, organise la contre-offensive contre la Russie en 1737-1738, et est à l'origine de la signature d'une alliance turco-suédoise en 1739. Mais ses projets de traité franco-ottoman se heurtent au veto de Versailles, et son influence décroît pendant la guerre de la Succession d'Autriche, alors même que la république des lettres s'empare de son mythe.
Bonnot (bande à),
groupe proche du milieu anarchiste, auteur d'attaques de banque à main armée, entre décembre 1911 et mars 1912.
Ces « bandits en auto » innovent en alliant à l'assassinat l'usage systématique de voitures automobiles volées. Dirigés par Jules Joseph Bonnot, mécanicien lyonnais de 35 ans, ils sont, pour la plupart, de petits employés âgés d'une vingtaine d'années, et gravitent dans la mouvance anarchiste, tel le Belge Callemin, dit « Raymond la Science », qui rédigera ses Mémoires, avant d'être guillotiné. Bénéficiant de la complicité de réseaux anarchistes parisiens, ils ne retiennent des théories de ce mouvement que l'individualisme et le mépris de l'ordre établi, qui « justifient » leur volonté d'enrichissement rapide, ainsi que les meurtres de plusieurs policiers.
En avril-mai 1912, la bande est anéantie : Bonnot puis deux complices sont tués, en banlieue parisienne, après deux sièges en règle ; six autres membres de la bande, ainsi que d'authentiques militants anarchistes, sont arrêtés. Malgré le talent des avocats, dont Moro-Giafferi et Paul Reynaud, leur jugement, en février 1913, débouche sur trois exécutions capitales, qui se déroulent deux mois plus tard. Autant qu'à ses sanglantes opérations largement racontées par la presse à grand tirage, la renommée de la bande est liée au souvenir des attentats anarchistes des années 1890 et aux moyens que déploie contre elle une police d'abord techniquement dépassée. Ce n'est qu'en mai 1912 est créée la brigade criminelle de la Sûreté, tandis que sont débloqués des crédits destinés à moderniser l'équipement des agents en armes et en véhicules.
Boson,
roi de Provence de 879 à 887 (mort en 887).
Boson est issu d'une très puissante famille de l'aristocratie lotharingienne ; sa sœur, Richilde, a en effet épousé le roi Charles le Chauve le 22 janvier 870. Boson obtient alors de nombreuses faveurs de son beau-frère, notamment la prestigieuse abbaye de Saint-Maurice d'Agaune, dans le Valais, ainsi que le comté de Vienne. En 875, il accompagne Charles en Italie et reçoit la Provence pour prix de ses services. En Italie, Boson jouit d'une véritable autorité vice-royale, encore renforcée par son mariage avec Ermengarde, la fille de l'empereur Louis II. Boson semble être resté fidèle au fils de Charles le Chauve, Louis le Bègue ; mais la mort de ce dernier, le 10 avril 879, jette le royaume des Francs dans la confusion et incite Boson à travailler à sa propre indépendance. Le 15 octobre 879, à Mantaille, les évêques et les comtes de la région Rhône-Saône reconnaissent officiellement Boson comme roi, sur un territoire qui s'étend de Besançon à la Méditerranée et de l'Ardèche à la Tarentaise. C'est la création du royaume de Provence dont Vienne est la capitale, mais c'est surtout la première élection d'un roi non carolingien. Son règne est toutefois de courte durée, car les descendants de Charlemagne, s'étant réconciliés pour l'occasion, entament dès 880 la reconquête de ce royaume. Boson ne conserve que quelques territoires autour de Vienne, où il meurt le 11 janvier 887. Il est enterré dans la cathédrale Saint-Maurice.
Bossuet (Jacques Bénigne),
évêque et écrivain (Dijon 1627 - Paris 1704).
Issu d'une famille de magistrats, Bossuet est orienté dès son jeune âge vers une carrière ecclésiastique. D'abord élève au collège des jésuites de Dijon, il se rend à Paris pour étudier la philosophie et la théologie au collège de Navarre, l'un des plus prestigieux de l'Université : maître ès arts en 1644, il recevra - au terme d'une solide formation scolastique, vivifiée par le recours aux Pères de l'Église et à l'Écriture - le bonnet de docteur en théologie huit ans plus tard. Cette même année 1652, il est ordonné prêtre. Il s'installe à Metz, où son action s'oriente dans trois directions : l'assistance aux pauvres, car il est un disciple de Vincent de Paul et appartient comme lui à la Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement ; la controverse avec les protestants (son premier ouvrage est une Réfutation du catéchisme de Paul Ferry, en 1655) ; la prédication.
L'orateur et le précepteur.
• Cette dernière vocation s'était manifestée dès son séjour parisien, jusque dans un lieu aussi mondain que l'hôtel de Rambouillet ; elle s'affermit à Metz, où Bossuet prononce en 1655 sa première oraison funèbre. Le « Panégyrique de sainte Thérèse », donné devant la reine mère Anne d'Autriche, lui vaut le titre de « prédicateur ordinaire du roi ». À partir de 1659, il passe plus de temps à Paris qu'à Metz. Sa réputation ne cesse de croître dans deux domaines de l'éloquence sacrée : le sermon, qui est plus que le prône de la messe paroissiale ; une véritable conférence prononcée isolément (« Sur l'éminente dignité des pauvres dans l'Église », 1659) ou enchaînée avec d'autres du même prédicateur pour former une « station » (« le Carême du Louvre » en 1662, « l'Avent de Saint-Germain » en 1669, prononcés l'un et l'autre devant la cour) ; l'oraison funèbre, qui constitue une pièce d'apparat officielle. Bossuet se voit confier en 1669 celle d'Henriette de France et, l'année suivante, celle d'Henriette d'Angleterre, où retentit le cri fameux : « Madame se meurt, Madame est morte ! » Il accumule les honneurs et les responsabilités : il est nommé évêque de Condom en 1669 et précepteur du dauphin en 1670. Pendant une décennie, cette dernière charge l'accapare et réduit considérablement son activité de prédication. Son enseignement n'a sans doute guère profité à un élève indolent, mais il portera ses fruits dans le public, qui pourra lire en 1681 le Discours sur l'histoire universelle, synthèse providentialiste dans la lignée grandiose de la Cité de Dieu de saint Augustin, et, après la mort de leur auteur, la Politique tirée des propres paroles de l'Écriture sainte, ainsi que le Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même.
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