Assurer la pacification religieuse, permettre le redressement du pays par l'exécution des traités, et notamment le paiement des réparations allemandes, sans alourdir la charge pesant sur les contribuables français, lutter contre la « subversion » révolutionnaire, tels étaient les principaux objectifs de la Chambre bleu horizon : force est de reconnaître qu'ils furent inégalement atteints, sauf le troisième, la grande vague de grèves révolutionnaires du printemps de 1920 se soldant par un échec total. La reprise des relations diplomatiques avec le Saint-Siège, en 1921, aboutit à une amélioration des rapports entre l'Église et l'État, nettement avantageuse pour les deux parties ; elle provoque toutefois le mécontentement d'intransigeants de droite, devant le refus de l'État républicain de revenir sur l'intangibilité des lois laïques, mais aussi l'irritation des anticléricaux. En politique extérieure, l'échec est patent : l'occupation de la Ruhr, décidée en janvier 1923 pour contraindre l'Allemagne au paiement des réparations, se solde par un fiasco, obligeant le gouvernement à une augmentation générale des impôts à la veille des élections de 1924.
En réalité, plusieurs facteurs n'ont cessé de contribuer à affaiblir l'action des gouvernements du Bloc national : l'absence d'une majorité homogène, le décalage entre la majorité et les gouvernements, les illusions de l'opinion. L'analyse des scrutins révèle, en effet, l'existence de plusieurs types de majorités, souvent axées à droite (question religieuse) ou parfois orientées vers un rassemblement plus large (politique extérieure). Les chefs du gouvernement, exclusivement choisis dans le vivier d'avant-guerre (Millerand, Briand, Poincaré), se situent au centre et sont soucieux de se démarquer des bataillons de la droite catholique et nationaliste en s'appuyant sur les radicaux. Enfin, l'opinion ne comprend que tardivement et imparfaitement le caractère illusoire des clauses économiques du traité de Versailles, l'affaiblissement du pays, victorieux mais exsangue, et les risques considérables d'une situation d'isolement international.
Blocus continental,
prohibition des marchandises anglaises sur le continent européen décrétée à Berlin par Napoléon Ier le 21 novembre 1806.
De la Révolution à l'Empire, l'or anglais alimentant les coalitions contre la France, celle-ci recourt à l'arme économique afin de mettre un terme au conflit militaire et politique, tentant dans le même temps de réduire la concurrence et d'imposer sa propre hégémonie économique à l'Europe.
Lorsque, en mai 1806, les côtes françaises sont déclarées en état de blocus par l'Angleterre, qui applique cette mesure aux navires neutres et en haute mer, la France n'a plus de flotte - elle a été détruite à Trafalgar en 1805 - pour contrecarrer sa rivale. Napoléon réplique par le décret de Berlin, imposant à son tour le blocus des îles Britanniques. Pour l'Empereur, qui a fait sienne l'idée erronée selon laquelle l'économie insulaire est fragile, parce qu'elle repose sur le crédit et ne dispose pas d'une agriculture suffisante, il s'agit de fermer le marché européen aux produits anglais, pour asphyxier l'économie de l'Angleterre et provoquer une crise financière et sociale la contraignant à la paix. Le décret de Berlin offre cette caractéristique nouvelle : présentant la France comme le défenseur de l'Europe contre le despotisme maritime anglais, il étend la politique française aux pays alliés et satellisés. Leur interdisant tout commerce et toute correspondance avec l'Angleterre, il déclare « de bonne prise » tout produit manufacturé ou colonial britannique, et prisonnier de guerre tout citoyen anglais - dont les propriétés sont confisquées - interpellé en France et dans les pays occupés. En novembre 1807, à la riposte anglaise, qui oblige tous les navires à venir payer des droits de douane dans un port britannique, Napoléon répond par les décrets de Milan ordonnant la saisie de tout bâtiment s'étant conformé aux ordres anglais.
Mais le blocus est un échec. Mis à mal par la contrebande qui fleurit partout, il s'effrite d'autant plus que, pour faire face à la baisse des revenus douaniers, à la pénurie de matières premières et à la cherté des denrées coloniales, Napoléon autorise en 1810, au bénéfice du seul territoire français, l'importation de certains produits anglais, qu'il frappe de droits de douane élevés. Le respect du blocus par l'Europe continentale étant la condition de son efficacité, Napoléon poursuit sans relâche une politique d'intervention et d'expansion militaires qui provoquera sa chute. En fin de compte, le blocus, qui n'a jamais été « étanche », n'a que passagèrement perturbé l'Angleterre, sauvée par la guerre d'Espagne (1808-1813) et la campagne de Russie (1812), mais aussi par sa maîtrise des mers et sa formidable faculté d'adaptation et de conversion économiques.
Blois (comté de),
comté d'origine carolingienne, cœur de l'une des plus grandes principautés féodales de la France du Nord aux XIe et XIIe siècles, finalement intégré au domaine royal en 1498, à la suite de l'accession au trône de France du dernier comte, Louis d'Orléans, sous le nom de Louis XII.
Le comté, qui appartenait depuis le IXe siècle aux ducs des Francs, est confié au Xe siècle à l'un de leurs vassaux, Thibaud le Tricheur (mort en 978), vicomte de Tours. Ce dernier est l'artisan de sa transformation en principauté féodale : il s'émancipe de la tutelle des ducs, s'allie aux familles de Vermandois et de Bretagne, et ajoute à ses possessions Châteaudun, Provins et le comté de Chartres. Son œuvre est poursuivie par son petit-fils, le comte Eudes II de Blois (mort en 1037). En acquérant les comtés de Troyes et de Meaux en 1022, il unit le comté de Blois à la Champagne, et fait ainsi de sa maison l'une des plus puissantes du royaume : il bat monnaie à son nom, tient sa propre cour, érige l'abbaye de Marmoutier en nécropole comtale, et n'hésite pas à attaquer à plusieurs reprises le roi capétien Robert le Pieux. À la fin du XIe siècle, le mariage du comte Étienne Henri (mort en 1102) avec Adèle, fille de Guillaume le Conquérant, duc de Normandie et roi d'Angleterre, renforce la puissance des comtes de Blois ; et la mort de l'héritier direct de Guillaume le Conquérant, en 1135, permet à un cadet de la famille de Blois, Étienne, de monter sur le trône d'Angleterre et d'y régner jusqu'en 1154. La première moitié du XIIe siècle marque ainsi l'apogée du comté et de la maison de Blois.
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