• Après la mort de Sigebert, la crise s'aggrave, et des dissensions apparaissent au sein même de la famille de Chilpéric : plusieurs des fils de ce dernier sont tués, et il est lui-même assassiné en 584, laissant son royaume à son dernier héritier, Clotaire II. En 587, Gontran, roi de Burgondie, son neveu Childebert II, roi d'Austrasie, et la reine Brunehaut scellent, contre Clotaire II, une alliance appelée « pacte d'Andelot ». Ce n'est qu'en 600 que les fils de Childebert II, Théodebert II et Thierry II, reprennent la guerre contre Clotaire II. Celle-ci est néanmoins marquée par les dissensions qui opposent bientôt entre eux Brunehaut, Théodebert et Thierry. Elle ne prend fin qu'en 613, à la suite de la mort de Théodebert et de Thierry, et des assassinats, commandités par Clotaire, du jeune fils de Thierry et de la reine Brunehaut. Le royaume franc est alors réunifié entre les mains de Clotaire. Mais la faide a duré quarante ans, opposé trois générations, et provoqué la mort de dix rois et de deux reines.
Les conséquences de la faide.
• Ces longues années de guerre civile ont profondément atteint le pouvoir royal. Dès les années 580, des défections et des trahisons ont lieu dans les rangs des « leudes », c'est-à-dire des fidèles du roi. Elles se multiplient dans les années 600, et provoquent une véritable crise de la fidélité envers le roi. Cette situation favorise le développement des forces centrifuges aux dépens de l'unité du royaume franc. Durant la faide, les royaumes de Neustrie, d'Austrasie et de Burgondie prennent progressivement conscience de leurs particularismes. L'aristocratie austrasienne, notamment, derrière Pépin de Landen et l'évêque de Metz Arnoul, fait valoir des intérêts régionaux, qui ressurgiront avec acuité dans la seconde moitié du VIIe siècle. En effet, la faide royale profite surtout aux aristocraties. La surenchère à laquelle se livrent les rivaux royaux conduit ces dernières à monnayer leur soutien et à accroître leur puissance aux dépens du pouvoir du roi. L'échec final de Brunehaut et de ses petits-fils face à Clotaire II est dû en grande partie à la défection des aristocraties burgonde et austrasienne, hostiles à l'action de la reine. En effet, celle-ci a tenté de restaurer un État fort et une fiscalité directe de type romano-wisigothique. L'édit général que promulgue Clotaire II en 614 essaie de fonder un nouvel équilibre entre pouvoir royal et aristocratie, mais plusieurs de ses articles sanctionnent la puissance acquise par cette dernière au cours de la première grande crise de la royauté mérovingienne.
Faidherbe (Louis Léon César),
général (Lille 1818 - Paris 1889).
Polytechnicien, officier du génie, Faidherbe demande, en 1843, son affectation pour l'Algérie ; il y découvre, à l'école de Bugeaud, les méthodes d'expansion coloniale qu'il appliquera ensuite au Sénégal. En 1848, il sert en Guadeloupe, où il se passionne pour l'abolition de l'esclavage et acquiert une réputation de républicain avancé.
Après une nouvelle affectation en Algérie, il est nommé, en 1852, chef du génie et directeur des Ponts et Chaussées au Sénégal. Son dynamisme et ses propositions de développement économique lui valent le soutien de la colonie commerçante de Saint-Louis et la nomination au poste de gouverneur du Sénégal (1854-1861 et 1863-1865). Faidherbe poursuit la colonisation du pays, réduite avant son arrivée aux seuls comptoirs de Saint-Louis et de Gorée. Il soumet les Maures, et notamment le leader islamique El-Hadj Omar, crée le corps des tirailleurs sénégalais, organise l'administration en s'appuyant sur les chefs de tribus, donne à Saint-Louis les dimensions d'une véritable ville et engage les premiers travaux du port de Dakar. Il multiplie enfin les explorations aux confins du Sénégal, dont l'économie se développe grâce à la prospérité du commerce des gommes et de la culture des arachides.
Si l'audience nationale de Faidherbe est due à son œuvre au Sénégal, sa popularité et sa gloire sont imputables au rôle qu'il joue pendant la guerre franco-allemande de 1870, à la tête de l'armée du Nord. L'habileté stratégique dont il fait preuve aux combats de Pont-Noyelles (23 décembre 1870), Bapaume (3 janvier 1871) et Saint-Quentin (19 janvier 1871), où il évite l'encerclement, lui vaut le surnom de « Chiendent » chez les Prussiens.
Après avoir obtenu sa mise en disponibilité pour raisons de santé le 24 avril 1871, il ne cède pas à la tentation d'exploiter politiquement sa popularité. Certes, sous la pression de ses amis, il se fait élire dans le Nord aux élections partielles du 2 juillet 1871. Mais il démissionne peu après pour protester contre le mandat constituant de l'Assemblée nationale. Élu sénateur du Nord en 1879, il est trop handicapé physiquement pour participer activement aux débats et préfère poursuivre ses études d'ethnographie et d'archéologie. L'État lui fait des funérailles nationales le 2 octobre 1889.
Faisceau (le),
organisation inspirée par le fascisme italien, créée le 11 novembre 1925 par Georges Gressent, dit « Georges Valois ».
Né en 1878, cet ancien ouvrier du Livre proche de Fernand Pelloutier, puis de Georges Sorel, devient le spécialiste en économie de l'Action française, mouvement qu'il quitte en 1925, le trouvant trop conservateur en matière sociale. Dans le Faisceau, Valois attire 25 000 « chemises bleues », dont 15 000 en région parisienne, autant que l'Action française. Mais les maurrassiens qui l'ont rejoint se détournent bientôt de lui, comme ses bailleurs de fonds (François Coty, notamment). Créé pour s'opposer au Cartel des gauches, qui était supposé mettre en péril les valeurs nationales, le Faisceau s'effondre en 1927, et devient, en 1928, un éphémère Parti fasciste révolutionnaire, qui ne survit pas après le retour de la droite au pouvoir. Valois lui-même en est exclu ; il se rapproche des jeunes radicaux, tente d'adhérer à la SFIO, crée les éditions Valois, où il édite Mendès France et des exilés italiens antifascistes, entre dans la Résistance et meurt en déportation, à Bergen-Belsen, début 1945.
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