Portraitiste à la mode à partir de 1590 environ, il devint plus tard peintre du prince Henry (1603), puis " Serjeant Painter " de Jacques Ier (1607). Il fut fortement influencé par Hilliard dans ses premières œuvres (Henry, prince de Galles et John, second lord Harington of Exton, Metropolitan Museum), puis son style devint plus lourd et terne (Charles Ier, 1613, université de Cambridge). Il est le père de William Peake (1580-1639) et le grand-père de sir Robert Peake (v. 1605-1667).
Peale
Famille de peintres américains.
Charles Wilson (Chester, Maryland, 1741 Philadelphie 1827). Fils aîné d'un maître d'école, il exerça un peu tous les métiers, dont celui de sellier, fut remarqué par Copley à Boston, où il avait fui ses créanciers (1765), et partit étudier à Londres dans l'atelier de B. West (1766-1769). Il y acquit aussi la pratique de la gravure en manière noire, de la sculpture et de la miniature. Il s'établit comme portraitiste à son retour à Annapolis, Baltimore puis Philadelphie (1776), où il manifesta des opinions politiques très avancées durant la guerre d'Indépendance. Il fit ainsi de nombreux portraits de Washington et d'autres héros de la Révolution américaine et les exposa dans une galerie qu'il créa et qui fut le second musée public ouvert aux États-Unis (1781) ; il se représenta plus tard à l'entrée de sa galerie, augmentée en 1786 d'une section d'histoire naturelle et d'ethnologie (objets indiens, costumes) : l'Artiste dans son musée (1822, Philadelphie, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts). Deux de ses peintures les plus célèbres y étaient conservées : The Staircase Group (1795, Philadelphie, Museum of Art), portrait en trompe-l'œil de ses deux fils Raphaelle et Titian dans un escalier, et Exhumation of the First American Mastodon (1801, Baltimore, Peale Museum), exposé à côté du squelette en question.
Peale eut dix-sept enfants, dont plusieurs devinrent artistes : Raphaelle, Rembrandt, Rubens (1784-1865) , qui s'occupa surtout des musées familiaux, et Titian Ramsay (1799-1885) , spécialisé dans l'histoire naturelle, qui participa à des expéditions d'exploration et illustra de nombreux ouvrages, comme l'American Ornithology de Charles Lucien Bonaparte (1825-1833), s'intéressant à la photographie et aidant à son développement dans les dernières années de sa vie.
Raphaelle (Annapolis, Maryland, 1774 Philadelphie 1825). Il était le fils aîné des nombreux enfants de son père, qui le considérait ainsi comme son héritier naturel. Il travailla donc dans le musée familial, dont il ouvrit une succursale à Baltimore avec son frère Rembrandt en 1797. Il se lançait en même temps dans le portrait, mais c'est surtout ses natures mortes que l'on apprécie aujourd'hui. Peintes dans de petits formats (il s'orienta autour de 1800 vers la miniature), elles sont les premières d'un genre qui devait connaître un succès constant aux États-Unis, et Raphaelle peut en être considéré comme le fondateur (Vénus sortant des eaux, une duperie [Après le bain], 1823, Kansas City, Missouri, Nelson Gallery of Art). S'il n'eut pas de son vivant, sans doute à cause de difficultés personnelles, le succès de son frère Rembrandt, qui fut le véritable successeur de leur père, il tient néanmoins une place d'importance dans la seconde génération de la famille Peale.
Rembrandt (Bucks County, Pennsylvanie, 1778 Philadelphie 1860). Le plus doué des fils de Charles Wilson, il suivit les traces de son père comme portraitiste et homme de musée (il exposa à Londres en 1802 le squelette de mastodonte exhumé avec son père en 1801 et créa sa propre galerie à Baltimore en 1814). Ses portraits demeurent ses œuvres les plus connues : Jefferson (1805, Cooperstown, N.Y., New York State Historical Association), Washington (nombreuses versions à partir de 1795 ; celle à laquelle il accorda le plus de soin, The Porthole Portrait, fut exécutée en 1823). Mais Rembrandt s'essaya également à la peinture d'histoire à la suite de ses premiers voyages en Europe, où il se rendit cinq fois (1802-1803, à Londres, où il travailla avec B. West, 1808, 1809-10 [Paris], 1829-30 [Italie], 1831-1834). Sa Roman Daughter (1812, Baltimore, Peale Museum) fut fraîchement accueillie (il renonça d'ailleurs temporairement à la peinture à la suite de cet échec), moins sa Court of Death (1820, Detroit, Institute of Arts). Il fut l'un des fondateurs de la Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts (1805) et de la National Academy of Design (1826).
James (Chester Town, Maryland, 1749 Philadelphie 1831). Frère cadet de Charles Wilson, il étudia avec lui avant de participer à la guerre d'Indépendance sous les ordres de Washington. Il se maria en 1782 et commença alors une brillante carrière. Il pratiqua tous les genres, du portrait et de la miniature à la grande scène historique (Bataille de Princeton, 1781, Princeton University, New Jersey). Il exécuta aussi des paysages et, à la fin de sa vie, des natures mortes qui eurent un grand succès. Il se consacra uniquement à la peinture, si l'on omet sa période militaire, ce qui le place à part dans la famille Peale. Ses enfants suivirent ses traces, parmi lesquels la plus douée, Sarah Miriam (1800-1885) , fut renommée pour ses portraits (La Fayette, 1825, perdu) et également ses natures mortes.
Pêcheux (Laurent)
Peintre français (Lyon 1729 – Turin 1821).
Vers 1745, il connut à Paris Natoire, puis à Rome (1753) Batoni et Mengs (Diane et Endymion, Rome, Accademia di S. Luca). Membre de l'Académie de Saint-Luc en 1762, il voyagea à partir de 1764 en Italie. Il séjourna à Parme (1765), où il fut portraitiste de la Cour et directeur de l'Académie, passa quelque temps à Naples, revint à Rome (où il exécuta des fresques, notamment au palais Borghèse) et enfin se fixa à Turin, où il fut nommé directeur de l'Accademia Albertina (1776). Ses portraits (Attiret, musée de Dijon ; Don Ferdinand, 1765, Parme, P. N. ; Autoportrait, 1792, Rome, G. N.) ou ses compositions (Vénus et Adonis, 1766, musée de Lyon) sont traités dans des tons chauds avec de grandes masses sombres qui le révèlent débiteur du courant néoclassique italien (Transfiguration, 1765-1779, cathédrale de Dole). Pêcheux est représenté par plusieurs toiles aux musées de Dole et de Chambéry.
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