Son œuvre est relativement courte : environ 130 films longs de 5 à 8 minutes, mais il garde les proportions d'un maître satiriste absurde digne d'Edward Lear ou de Kafka. Son univers de contrastes aberrants mène au vertige des infinis. En un sens, ce gagman pascalien, qui, comme Stirner, a fondé sa cause sur le rien, a dépassé le cadre des courts métrages burlesques pour passer à l'Histoire comme un poète visionnaire à la Benjamin Péret ou à la W. C. Fields.
AVILDSEN (John G.)
cinéaste américain (Chicago, Ill., 1936).
Formé dans la publicité écrite et filmée, il est, à partir de 1964, assistant, chef opérateur, etc., tout en réalisant, produisant, photographiant, montant ses propres films. Joe, c'est aussi l'Amérique (Joe, 1970) surprend par l'acuité du portrait, autant que par la rugosité du style, et lui vaut un gros succès. Avildsen, qui s'appuie déjà sur l'acteur — ici Peter Boyle —, ne cesse ensuite de se mettre au service de vedettes : Jack Lemmon dans Sauvez le tigre (Save the Tiger, 1973), Sylvester Stallone, qui en a écrit le scénario, dans Rocky (id., 1976), qui lui vaut un Oscar, Marlon Brando et George C. Scott dans la Formule (The Formula, 1980), le jeune Ralph Maccio dans le Moment de vérité (The Karate Kid, 1984) et ses suites The Karate Kid II (1986), The Karate Kid III (1989). Il devient d'ailleurs le spécialiste des « suites » (Rocky V, 1990). Il perd ainsi toute force et toute originalité, excepté dans un mélodrame incongru : Slow Dancing (Slow Dancing in the Big City, 1978) et dans la Formule (The Formula, 1980). Après une comédie, les Voisines (The Neighbours, 1982), il poursuit sa carrière avec la saga des Karaté Kid et un Rocky V (1990).
AVIV (Nurith)
chef opératrice israélienne (Tel Aviv 1945).
Photographe de presse en Israël puis diplômée de l'IDHEC à Paris en 1967. Chef-opératrice de nombreux réalisateurs (cinéma et TV) dont René Féret (Histoire de Paul), René Allio (Moi, Pierre Rivière...), Agnès Varda (Daguerréotypes, L'une chante l'autre pas, Jane B. par Agnès V.) et, en Israël, Amos Gitai (Journal de campagne, Berlin-Jérusalem), elle coréalise avec Eglal Errera le long métrage documentaire Kafr Qara, (ISR, 1988), puis Makom, Avoda (LM DOC, 1997), sur un village coopératif agricole où les habitants israéliens travaillaient la terre avec les Palestiniens du village voisin, jusqu'à ce qu'un des Israéliens soit assassiné sans que l'on puisse découvrir le meurtrier. En conséquence, les habitants décident de ne plus employer les Palestiniens, mais recourent à de la main-d'œuvre étrangère, notamment thaïlandaise. Nurith Aviv révèle par là une dimension méconnue de la vie en Israël.
AWASHIMA (Chikage)
actrice japonaise (Tokyo 1924).
Elle débute au cinéma en 1950, à la Shochiku. Une des meilleures actrices de l'après-guerre, elle est l'interprète de plusieurs cinéastes importants, dans des rôles très divers. Parmi les plus intéressants, retenons ceux de Eaux troubles (T. Imai, 1953) ; Printemps précoce (Y. Ozu, 1956, où elle est l'épouse de Ryo Ikebe), et surtout Relations matrimoniales (S. Toyoda, 1955, où elle est la geisha), film pour lequel elle obtient le prix d'interprétation féminine au Japon.
AXE.
Bobines d'un même axe, bandes découpées dans un même axe de pellicule vierge, ayant mêmes références et même sensibilité.
AXEL (Gabriel Axel Mørch, dit Gabriel)
cinéaste danois (Aarhus 1918).
Études dramatiques à Copenhague, acteur dans la troupe de Louis Jouvet (1945-1950). Il tourne de nombreux films pour la télévision au Danemark et en France. Au cinéma, depuis 1955, auteur d'une vingtaine de films, dont une saga médiévale, la Mante rouge (Den roede kappe, 1968) et de pochades libertines : le Marquis sadique (Jeg en marki, 1967), le Joujou chéri (Det kaere legetoej, 1968). Il a acquis une réputation internationale avec le Festin de Babette (Babettes gaestebud, 1987, Oscar du meilleur film étranger). Il réalise ensuite Christian (1989) et le Prince du Jutland (Prince of Jutland, 1993), coproduction européenne d'initiative britannique et Laila la pure (Laila den rene, 2001).
AXELROD (George)
scénariste et réalisateur américain (New York, N. Y., 1922).
Auteur de comédies de théâtre à succès, il fait porter sa satire sur les fantasmes érotiques de la petite bourgeoisie (The Seven Year Itch) ou sur les ambitions des cols blancs (Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter ?), il illustre sur le mode burlesque les quiproquos engendrés par un changement de sexe (Goodbye Charlie) ; ces trois pièces seront plus tard portées à l'écran. Au cinéma, il prend pour cible un monde régi par le principe de représentation : publicité politique, prostitution de luxe, spectacle. Ses scénarios, mêlant, à la mode des années 60, causticité chic et romantique (Diamants sur canapé, B. Edwards, 1961), sont centrés sur un thème privilégié : la confusion, qui peut naître d'une manipulation psychologique (Un crime dans la tête, J. Frankenheimer, 1962) ou d'une brutale irruption de la fiction dans la réalité (Deux Têtes folles, R. Quine, 1964, d'après la Fête à Henriette de Duvivier ; Comment tuer votre femme, id., 1965). Dans la même veine, George Axelrod a écrit, produit et réalisé deux films : Lord Love a Duck (1966) et The Secret Life of an American Wife (1968).
AYALA (Fernando)
cinéaste et producteur argentin (Gualeguay, Entre Ríos, 1920 - Buenos Aires 1997).
Issu de l'industrie traditionnelle, il fait des débuts (Ayer fue primavera, 1954 ; Los tallos amargos, 1957) porteurs d'espoirs, confirmés par El jefe (1958), portrait d'un caudillo latino-américain. El candidato (1959), écrit comme le précédent par le romancier David Viñas, est moins réussi. Associé à Héctor Olivera (Argentinisima, 1969 ; La Patagonia rebelde, 1973 ; La nona, 1979), Ayala fonde l'importante maison de production Aries. Il est considéré pendant un temps comme l'auteur de transition (avec Torre Nilsson) entre le vieux cinéma argentin et le nuevo cine (Paula cautiva, 1963). Il préfère finalement une ligne commerciale plus conformiste. À l'issue de la dictature militaire, il réussit assez bien à décrire l'ambiance déliquescente d'une époque caractérisée par la corruption et l'argent facile dans Plata dulce (1982), El arreglo (1983) et Pasajeros de una pesadilla (1984).
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