Jusqu'à l'apparition de l'Eastmancolor, « couleur par Technicolor » se référait à la technique du tournage sur caméra tripack Technicolor (sauf exceptions mentionnées plus haut), puis tirage par imbibition. Passé le début des années 50, l'expression est à prendre au sens de négatif développé dans un laboratoire Technicolor, puis tirage soit par imbibition, soit sur positif monopack (la seconde hypothèse étant la règle pour les films en 70 mm car il n'exista jamais de machines d'impression dans ce format). Depuis l'arrêt, à la fin des années 60, des machines d'impression Technicolor, « couleur par Technicolor » a exactement le même sens que les mentions du genre « couleur par De Luxe ».
Procédés numériques
- Il est possible de faire appel au numérique selon deux procédures différentes.
Soit en procédant à la prise de vues directement au moyen de caméras numériques au standard 24 images par seconde de 1250 lignes de 1800 pixels avec un balayage progressif (système dit 24P) et enregistrement des signaux vidéo correspondant sur un magnétoscope numérique ‘ haute définition ’, avec ou sans réduction de débit*.
Soit en procédant à une prise de vue normale sur pellicule 35mm analysée sur un scanner ou un télécinéma haute définition – également appelé ‘ téléscanner ’ – qui permettra de disposer de fichiers numériques pour chaque image du film.
Dans les deux cas, une fois les travaux de post-production achevés, au lieu de conformer le négatif original à la copie de travail, on établit un ‘ master numérique ’ sur support informatique (bande magnétique ou disque informatique comportant le fichier numérique de chaque image) qui sera étalonné selon une procédure ‘ d'étalonnage numérique ’.
Ce master sera ensuite transféré sur film au moyen d'un imageur* et donnera naissance à un élément interpositif ou négatif, parfois appelé ‘ négatif numérique ’, à partir duquel pourront être tirés soit des copies, soit des éléments internégatifs destinés au tirage des copies d'exploitation.
Cette procédure devrait se développer et s'imposer progressivement au cours des prochaines années.
COULOIR.
Pièce usinée qui guide le film lors de son passage derrière l'objectif de la caméra ou du projecteur. ( CAMÉRA, PROJECTION.)
COUPE.
Changement de plan obtenu au montage en coupant à l'endroit approprié, puis en les réunissant par collage, les deux plans à assembler. Coupe franche, changement de plan où l'on passe sans transition d'un plan à un autre. Plan de coupe, plan introduit au montage pour éviter un hiatus visuel entre deux plans successifs. ( SYNTAXE.)
« COUPEZ ! ».
Expression consacrée par laquelle le réalisateur ordonne, en fin de prise, l'arrêt des appareils de prise de vues et d'enregistrement. ( TOURNAGE.)
COUPLEURS.
Substances chimiques permettant, lors du développement chromogène, l'obtention d'une image en couleurs. ( COUCHE SENSIBLE.)
COURANT (Curt, ou Curtis)
chef opérateur allemand (Berlin 1899 - Los Angeles, Ca., 1968).
Son nom apparaît pour la première fois au générique d'un film en 1917 en Allemagne (Hilde Warren und der Tod, de Joe May), mais il semble qu'il ait travaillé auparavant en Italie. Il participe à une série de films tournés en 1919 par Erik Lund et Rudolf Biebrach et devient un technicien très recherché. Il collabore notamment à Hamlet (Sven Gade et Heinz Schall, 1920), à Pierre le Grand (D. Buchowetski, 1922), Das brennende Herz (L. Berger, 1929), la Femme sur la Lune (F. Lang, id.). En 1933, il émigre et travaille en Grande-Bretagne, et surtout en France : Le jour se lève (M. Carné, 1939), la Bête humaine (J. Renoir, 1938), De Mayerling à Sarajevo (Max Ophuls, 1940), etc. Fixé aux États-Unis en 1941, il se retire peu après Monsieur Verdoux (C. Chaplin, 1947) et ne revient plus qu'exceptionnellement au cinéma. Il est l'oncle du chef opérateur Willy Kurant (né à Liège en 1934).
COURANT (Gérard)
cinéaste expérimental français (Lyon 1951).
Monté à Paris en 1976, il participe activement, comme critique puis en cinéaste, à la vie alors florissante du milieu expérimental français. Dans son œuvre multiple, entre le journal et la fiction (Cœur bleu, 1980 ; les Aventures d'Eddie Turley, 1987), se détache, à partir de 1978, une impressionnante série d'autoportraits assistés, en plans fixes de 3 mn 15 secondes, d'amis et de personnalités diverses. Dépassant le millier dès 1988 et flanqués de séries conjointes (Portraits de groupe, Couples, Lire), ces Cinématons font de lui un témoin sympathique et facétieux de la vie cinématographique et culturelle de cette fin de siècle. Gérard Courant filme le monde de façon sérielle : Cinéma (série des façades de cinéma où passent ses films), Mes lieux d'habitations, De ma voiture, Ponts routiers de la Seine à Paris, De ma chambre d'hôtel, Passion... Cet aspect typique et fameux de son œuvre, repris de l'entreprise descriptive des Lumière, ne doit pourtant pas laisser dans l'ombre la réussite de longs métrages singuliers, radicalement contemplatifs (Adytya, 1980, portrait d'un inépuisable visage de femme pendant 65 minutes), ou travaillant par refilmage des formes cinétiques (À propos de la Grèce, 1985).
Autres films :
Urgent (1977), Je meurs de soif, j'étouffe, je ne puis crier (1979), Vivre est une solution (1980), Spoonful (1981), La neige tremblait sur les arbres (1981), She's a Very Nice Lady (1982), Chambéry-les Arcs (1996), Amours décolorées (1986-1997).
COURBE DE RÉPONSE.
Courbe visualisant, en fonction de la fréquence, le rapport entre « ce qui entre » dans un système de transmission ou d'enregistrement et de reproduction des sons (ou un élément d'un tel système) et « ce qui en sort ». (BANDE PASSANTE, ÉGALISATION.)
COURBURE DE CHAMP.
Une des aberrations susceptibles d'affecter l'image fournie par un objectif. ( OBJECTIFS.)
COURCEL (Nicole Andrieux, dite Nicole)
actrice française (Saint-Cloud 1930).
Elle commence sa carrière cinématographique avec un rôle dans Antoine et Antoinette (1947) de Jacques Becker, qui lui confie ensuite l'un des rôles principaux de Rendez-vous de juillet (1949) ; elle y symbolise, aux côtés de Daniel Gélin, la jeunesse de Saint-Germain-des-Prés. Valeur sûre du cinéma, on la voit dans la Marie du Port (M. Carné, 1950), Si Versailles m'était conté (S. Guitry, 1954), le Passage du Rhin (A. Cayatte, 1960), les Dimanches de Ville-d'Avray (S. Bourguignon, 1962). Puis ses apparitions au cinéma se font plus rares : l'Étrangleur (P. Vecchiali, 1970), L'aventure, c'est l'aventure (C. Lelouch, 1972), le Rempart des béguines (Guy Casaril, id.), la Gifle (C. Pinoteau, 1974). Elle consacre une part de plus en plus importante de son temps à la télévision.
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