El crimen de Oribe (CO L. Torres Ríos, 1950) ; El hijo del crack (id., 1953) ; Días de odio (1954) ; La Tigra (id.) ; Para vestir santos (1955) ; Graciela (1956) ; El protegido (id.) ; la Maison de l'ange (La casa del ángel, 1957) ; El secuestrador (1958) ; la Chute (La caída, 1959) ; Fin de fête (Fin de fiesta, 1960) ; Un guapo del 900 (id.) ; la Main dans le piège (La mano en la trampa, 1961) ; Piel de verano (id.) ; Soixante-Dix Fois sept (Setenta veces siete, 1962) ; Quatre Femmes pour un héros (Homenaje a la hora de la siesta/Quatro mulheres para um herói, id.) ; la Terrasse (La terraza, 1963) ; El ojo que espía/The Eavesdropper (1966) ; La chica del lunes/Monday's Child (1967) ; Los traidores de San Ángel/The Traitors of San Angel (id.) ; Martín Fierro (1968) ; El Santo de la Espada (1970) ; Güemes : la tierra en armas (1971) ; La mafia (1972) ; Los siete locos (1973) ; Boquitas pintadas (1974) ; El Pibe Cabeza (1975) ; La guerra del cerdo (id.) ; Piedra libre (1976).
TORRES (Josefina Torres, dite Fina)
cinéaste vénézuélienne (Caracas 1951).
Formée à l'IDHEC et établie en France, elle débute avec une exploration de la mémoire féminine, Oriana (1985), œuvre singulière dans le cinéma vénézuélien, d'après un récit de la Colombienne Marvel Moreno, écrivain très appréciée par les rares connaisseurs. Cependant, la Caméra d'or obtenue à Cannes ne lui assure guère une carrière dans son propre pays. Par la suite, elle tourne deux discrètes comédies, l'une en Europe (Mécaniques célestes, 1994), l'autre aux États-Unis (Woman on Top, 1999).
Éduquée dans un couvent de Los Angeles, elle surgit soudain à l'écran dans Ombres blanches (W. Van Dyke, 1928), où sa beauté exotique impressionne les producteurs hollywoodiens qui lui offrent un second rôle muet dans The Desert Rider, un western mélodramatique de Nick Grinde. Elle tourne relativement peu de films avant de se retirer de l'écran pour épouser un riche businessman : The Bridge of San Luis Rey (Charles Brabin, 1929), Sous le ciel du Texas (M. Curtiz, 1930), The Sea Bat (W. Ruggles, id.), Aloha (A. Rogell, 1931), So This Is Africa (E. Cline, 1933), Soupe au canard (L. McCarey, id.).
TORRES RÍOS (Leopoldo Torre Ríos dit Leopoldo)
cinéaste argentin (Buenos Aires 1899 - id. 1960).
Il représente un maillon fondamental entre le vieux cinéma instinctif de José A. Ferreyra (dont Torres Ríos partage le goût pour le tango et certains archétypes) et la sensibilité moderne, qui valorise l'introspection psychologique et un tempo dramatique plus proche du quotidien. Sa carrière comprend une quarantaine de titres, depuis El puñal del mazorquero (1923) jusqu'à Aquello que amamos (1959), en passant par El conventillo de la Paloma (1936), son premier film sonore. La plupart de ces films demeurent empreints des conventions en vigueur dans l'industrie argentine, florissante après l'avènement du parlant. Sa première œuvre personnelle, La vuelta al nido (1938), incomprise à l'époque, surprend par la minceur de l'intrigue et le regard aigu porté sur les personnages et leur environnement. Tandis qu'un Mario Soffici cherche l'authenticité dans une Argentine rurale qui correspond à une certaine tradition littéraire et que les producteurs de Buenos Aires remplacent la mythologie populiste par un mimétisme et un artifice croissants, Torres Ríos jette les bases d'un réalisme urbain contemporain, prolongé notamment dans Pelota de trapo (1948). Parmi ses moments plus heureux, on trouve encore Pantalones cortos (1949), Edad difícil (1956), Demasiado jóvenes (1958). Il favorise les débuts de son fils Leopoldo Torre Nilsson et assure ainsi la relève d'un cinéma d'auteur, en partageant avec lui la mise en scène de El crimen de Oribe (1950) et El hijo del crack (1953).
TOSCAN DU PLANTIER (Daniel)
producteur français (Chambéry 1941).
Directeur d'Unimédia et de Régie-Presse, il écrit en 1974 Donnez-nous notre quotidien, constat amer et satirique de l'état du journalisme français, bilan de sa formation et de son travail dans le monde de la presse et de la publicité. Fin, cultivé, soucieux de promouvoir une politique culturelle de prestige, il devient en 1975 directeur général de la Gaumont. De 1976 à 1984, il insuffle à la firme une nouvelle impulsion, organisant la production de nombreux films ambitieux, « films d'auteur de luxe », signés A. Téchiné, M. Pialat, I. Bergman, J. Losey, A. Wajda ou V. Schlöndorff. En Italie (où il est vice-président d'une filiale de la Gaumont), il travaille notamment avec Fellini, Antonioni, Scola. Grand amateur d'opéra, il est à l'origine des adaptations de Don Giovanni (J. Losey, 1979) et de Carmen (F. Rosi, 1984). L'échec de cette diversification et les difficultés financières de la Gaumont malgré la bonne vente des « produits Toscan » à l'étranger, amènent en 1985 le départ de Toscan du Plantier, qui poursuit alors en indépendant ses activités de producteur et deviendra président d'Unifrance. À la tête d'Erato Films il poursuit sa politique en produisant des films musicaux (Boris Godounov, d'A. Zulawski, 1989 ; Madame Butterfly, de Frédéric Mitterrand, 1995) et des films d'auteur comme Sous le soleil de Satan et Van Gogh de M. Pialat. Avec une nouvelle société, Euripide, il produit à partir de 1996 les films de personnalités telles que J. C. Monteiro, Serge Le Péron, J.-C. Brisseau, Pascal Thomas.
Ce pionnier est un des premiers exploitants opérateurs à sillonner le Mexique alors que le cinématographe y est une attraction ambulante. Lié à la maison Lumière dès 1896, tournant lui-même deux ans plus tard, il aborde très tôt la fiction : Don Juan Tenorio et Terrible percance a un enamorado en el cementerio de Dolores (1899). Néanmoins, Toscano enregistre surtout des vues documentaires. Concurrence oblige, il fait des progrès sur le plan du montage et reconstruit ainsi chronologiquement un voyage de Porfirio Díaz (Viaje a Yucatan, 1906). Après avoir fixé rituellement événements officiels et quotidiens, cet ingénieur devient l'un des témoins privilégiés du soulèvement antidictatorial de 1911 et de l'explosion paysanne. Sa fille, Carmen Toscano de Moreno (Mexico 1910 - Aguascalientes 1988), remonte ces images emblématiques, souvent reprises ailleurs, devenues les documents précieux d'une révolution figée sur pellicule avant de l'être sur le marbre de l'histoire officielle (Memorias de un Mexicano, 1950).
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