Certains modèles traitent le son numériquement, c'est-à-dire que les modifications de niveau ou de timbre se font en agissant sur le signal numérique par action informatique et non plus directement sur le signal analogique. Si l'enregistrement a été en numérique dès la prise de son, il est possible de diffuser des bandes sonores de très haute qualité.
MIYAGAWA (Kazuo)
chef opérateur japonais (Kyoto 1908 - Kyoto 1999).
Il entre aux studios Nikkatsu de Kyoto en 1935, et passe à la Daiei en 1942. Il dirige la photographie de très nombreux films historiques de la Nikkatsu, mis en scène notamment par Inagaki ou M. Makino, mais sa réputation internationale se forge après la guerre avec le succès de Rashomon, dont il signe la photo lumineuse et contrastée, et les remarquables travellings dans la forêt. Cependant, c'est dans les dernières œuvres de Mizoguchi qu'il donne toute la mesure de son talent, alliant l'art de la lumière à la profondeur de champ : notamment dans les Contes de la lune vague après la pluie (1953), l'Intendant Sansho et les Amants crucifiés (1954), le Héros sacrilège (1955) et la Rue de la honte (1956). Sous contrat à la Daiei jusqu'à la faillite de celle-ci (1971), il signe encore d'innombrables films commerciaux (de Koji Shima, Kazuo Mori) ou plus artistiques, surtout pour Yoshimura (‘ les Contes de Genjig ’, 1951 ; ‘ Fleuve de la nuit ’, 1956 ; ‘ Papillons de nuit ’, 1957) et Kon Ichikawa (‘ le Brasier ’, 1958 ; l'Étrange Obsession, 1959 ; ‘ Bonchi ’, 1960 ; ‘ Tendre et Folle Adolescence ’, id. ; et Tokyo Olympiades, 1965, avec Shigeo Hayashida). Il travaille occasionnellement pour un film en couleurs d'Ozu (‘ Herbes flottantes ’, 1959), pour Kurosawa (Yojimbo, 1961) et Masumura (‘ Tatouage ’, 1966). Dans les années 60 et 70, il photographie surtout les productions commerciales de l'acteur Shintaro Katsu, aussi à l'aise dans le standard que dans le Scope, dans la couleur que dans le noir et blanc, et maîtrisant toujours la profondeur de champ. Encore en activité à plus de 70 ans, il est engagé par Kurosawa pour l'image de Kagemusha (1980), mais, par suite d'une maladie des yeux, est remplacé en cours de tournage par Takao Saito. Il travaille cependant encore pour certains réalisateurs, notamment Shinoda dont les derniers films doivent beaucoup à « l'œil » de Miyagawa : Gonza le lancier (Yari no Gonza, 1987), la Danseuse (Maihime, 1989).
MIYAJIMA (Yoshio)
chef opérateur japonais (préf. de Nagano 1910).
Après avoir travaillé dans les laboratoires des studios Shochiku et PCL, de 1930 à 1933, il devient assistant opérateur, puis chef opérateur aux PCL (qui deviendront la Toho en 1935). Il y signe l'image de quelques-uns des premiers films de Satsuo Yamamoto : ‘ la Symphonie pastorale ’ (1938, d'après Gide) et ‘ Beau Départ ’ (1939), puis quitte la compagnie. Après la guerre, il travaille de nouveau avec Yamamoto (et Fumio Kamei) pour ‘ la Guerre et la Paix ’ (1947), puis pour un certain nombre de films à tendances progressistes : ‘ Violence ’ (Yoshimura, 1949), ‘ Nous sommes vivants ’ (T. Imai, 1951), ‘ Avant l'aube ’ (Yoshimura, 1953) et surtout Pêcheurs de crabes / les Bateaux de l'enfer (So Yamamura, id.), film pour lequel il obtient un prix du concours Mainichi. Il travaille ensuite beaucoup avec Masaki Kobayashi, pour ses grandes compositions au CinémaScope : la Condition de l'homme (1959-1961), Harakiri (1963) et Kwaidan (1964). Parmi ses dernières œuvres, Debout les damnés de la terre (Yoshimura, 1974) et l'Empire de la passion (N. Oshima, 1978) témoignent de son talent artistique.
MIYAZAKI (Hayao)
cinéaste japonais (Tokyo 1941).
Diplômé d'économie mais passionné de littérature enfantine et de bandes dessinées (mangas), il entre comme intervalliste en 1963 à la TOEI animation, où il va rapidement s'affirmer dans tous les métiers de l'image par image : animation, conception graphique, scénario et réalisation. C'est également à la TOEI animation qu'il rencontre Isao Takahata, avec lequel il va ensuite collaborer. À partir de 1971, il passe d'un studio à l'autre pour dessiner ou réaliser de nombreuses séries, dont Panda, le petit panda et Heidi, l'enfant des Alpes (1974), Conan, le fils du futur (1978) ou Lupin III, Arsène Lupin et le château de Cagliostro (1979). En 1982, il se lance dans la bande dessinée avec Nausicaa de la vallée du vent (Kaze no tani no Naoshikaa), qu'il adapte en 1984 pour son premier long métrage (le premier long métrage japonais à gros budget), dans le studio qu'il monte avec Takahata.
Tout en gardant les élements caractéristiques des productions pour la télévision : réalisme systématique, attirance pour le fantastique et la science-fiction, et utilisation déconcertante du fonds culturel européen (goût pour l'exotisme ou souplesse nécessaire au succès d'une politique de conquête ?), Miyazaki, panthéiste serein, impose un monde nimbé de fantaisie et de tendresse, un monde où tout enfant, comme le premier oisillon venu, sait voler (Laputa, le château dans le ciel, [Tenku no shiro, Rappyuha] 1986), où des petites filles sûres d'elles-mêmes et dominatrices mènent par le bout du nez des monstres qui y prennent visiblement du plaisir (Mon voisin Totoro [Tonari no Totoro], 1988), où la magie est une chose quotidienne de la vie (Kiki, la messagerie de l'ensorceleuse, 1989), un monde, enfin, où même les cochons peuvent être aviateurs (Porco Rosso [Kurenai no buta], 1992). Après avoir signé une fable écologique : Princesse Mononoke (Mononoke hime, 1997) l'un des plus grands succès du cinéma japonais de tous les temps, il réalise en 2001 les Dieux cachés de Sen et Chihiro (Sen to Chihiro no kamikakushi).
MIZOGUCHI (Kenji)
cinéaste japonais (Tokyo 1898 - Kyoto 1956).
Fils d'un pauvre charpentier, il connaît une enfance difficile, et sa sœur, Suzu, est vendue très jeune comme geisha à Nihonbashi, événement qui aura une énorme influence sur son œuvre, notamment en ce qui concerne la condition générale faite aux femmes par la société japonaise. Après avoir pratiqué divers petits métiers, il quitte la maison paternelle à la suite du décès de sa mère (1915) et rejoint sa sœur entretenue par un noble qui la « protège ». Il lit énormément de livres, japonais ou étrangers, étudie la peinture à l'Institut Aoibashi à Tokyo, puis trouve un emploi de dessinateur publicitaire à Kobe, où il s'installe en 1917. Rentré à Tokyo en 1920, il tente de devenir acteur aux studios Nikkatsu de Mukojima, mais est bientôt contraint d'être assistant réalisateur, notamment du cinéaste Chu Oguchi. Il débute dans la réalisation en 1922, et commence par adapter un grand nombre de romans nationaux ou étrangers divers, comme ‘ le Port aux brumes ’ (1923, d'après Anna Christie, d'Eugene O'Neill), ou ‘ 813. Une aventure d'Arsène Lupin ’ (id., d'après Maurice Leblanc), films dont la majorité semble aujourd'hui avoir disparu. Dans les plus anciens films disponibles du cinéaste, comme ‘ la Chanson du pays natal ’ (1925), apparaît le thème de l'opposition entre la vie citadine et provinciale, que l'on retrouvera dans plusieurs œuvres futures. Après le grand tremblement de terre du Kanto, en 1923, il s'installe quelque temps à Kyoto, où il continue de tourner des adaptations littéraires, telles Nihonbashi (nom d'un quartier de Tokyo) [d'après Kyoka Izumi], ‘ la Marche de Tokyo ’ (d'après Kan Kikuchi), ou ‘ la Symphonie de la capitale ’, qui est mutilée par la censure gouvernementale, car s'y expriment des opinions progressistes dans le grand mouvement littéraire et artistique de gauche qui anime le Japon de la fin de l'ère Taisho et du début de Showa. Mizoguchi y expérimente déjà brillamment la technique du plan-séquence qui fera sa renommée plus tard.
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