Good Times (1967) ; l'Anniversaire (The Birthday Party, 1968) ; The Night They Raided Minsky's (id.) ; les Garçons de la bande (The Boys in the Band, 1970) ; French Connection (The French Connection, 1971) ; l'Exorciste (The Exorcist, 1973) ; le Convoi de la peur (Sorcerer, 1977) ; Têtes vides cherchent coffre plein (The Brink's Job, 1978) ; la Chasse (Cruising, 1980) ; Deal of the Century (1983) ; Police fédérale, Los Angeles (To Live and Die in L. A., 1985) ; le Sang du châtiment (Rampage, 1988) ; la Nurse (The Guardian, 1990) ; Rampage (1992) ; Blue Chips (1994) ; Jade (id., 1995) ; l'Enfer du devoir (Rules of engagement, 2000).
FRIESE-GREENE (William)
précurseur britannique du cinéma (Bristol 1855 - Londres 1921).
Intéressé par l'enregistrement et la synthèse du mouvement, Friese-Greene imagina entre 1885 et 1889 divers appareils qui préfigurent le cinéma, et réalisa notamment, en association avec Mortimer Evans, une caméra chronophotographique (1889). Sa vie et son œuvre furent évoquées dans le film la Boîte magique (1951) de John Boulting.
Il débute comme acteur de théâtre à Berlin sous la direction de Max Reinhardt et gagne rapidement une enviable notoriété en jouant dans plusieurs films muets aux côtés de Lil Dagover, Olga Tschechowa, Mady Christians ou Xenia Desni. On le voit donner la réplique à Dita Parlo dans Mélodie des Herzens (Hanns Schwarz, 1929) et surtout Lilian Harvey dans la version allemande du Congrès s'amuse (E. Charell, 1931) ou Un rêve blond (Ein blonder Traum, Paul Martin, 1932). Fritz Lang saura l'utiliser à contre-emploi dans les Espions (1928) et la Femme sur la lune (1929) mais la UFA comprend vite que son domaine de prédilection est l'opérette. Willy Fritsch exploite alors son charme de jeune premier avantageux, fantaisiste, vivace sans manifester d'ambition démesurée, au gré des modes, soucieux d'un succès qui ne se démentira guère pendant plus d'un quart de siècle. Le couple idéal qu'il forme avec Lilian Harvey se perpétue avec Käthe de Nagy, sa partenaire dans Son Altesse commande (Ihre Hoheit befiehlt, H. Schwarz, 1931), Moi le jour, toi la nuit (Ich bei Tag und du bei Nacht, L. Berger, 1932), la Princesse Turandot (G. Lamprecht, 1934) ou En fils de soie (An Seidenem Faden, R. A. Stemmle, 1938), Renate Müller et Käthe Gold. Infatigable, il joue pendant et après la guerre des rôles légers et fantaisistes (la Chauve-Souris, G. von Bolvary, 1945 ; Film ohne Titel, Rudolf Jugert, 1948 ; Schwarzwaldmelodie, G. von Bolvary, 1956). Pour lui, la dernière valse (c'était le nom d'un film tourné en 1927 [Der letzte Walzer] par Arthur Robison avec Liane Haid et Ida Wüst) ne semblait jamais devoir s'achever.
Acteur de théâtre depuis 1937, il se fait connaître sur la scène berlinoise après la guerre, et fait ses débuts au cinéma dans un film issu du cabaret, Ballade berlinoise (R. A. Stemmle, 1948). La première partie de sa carrière est marquée par le climat conventionnel du cinéma allemand de l'époque. En 1955-1957, il est très sollicité par le cinéma français et tourne avec Ciampi (Les héros sont fatigués, 1955), Dassin (Celui qui doit mourir, 1956), Decoin, Grangier, Robert Hossein. Sa carrière internationale est jalonnée des inévitables emplois d'Allemand « typique » (Paris brûle-t-il ?, de René Clément, 1966 — par exemple) dont il parvient parfois à dépasser agréablement les poncifs : Goldfinger (G. Hamilton, 1964), Ces merveilleux fous volants... (K. Annakin, 1965). D'une filmographie très abondante, on peut retenir parmi ses meilleures interprétations : la Fille Rosemarie Nitribitt (R. Thiele, 1958), l'Opéra de quat'sous (W. Staudte, 1963), le Diabolique Dr Mabuse (F. Lang, 1960) et une suite tournée par Harald Reinl, le Retour du Dr Mabuse (1961), Via Mala (P. May, id.), Der Räuber Hotzenplotz et Mein Önkel Theodor (Gustav Ehmck, 1974 et 1975).
FROELICH (Carl)
cinéaste allemand (Berlin 1875 - id. 1953).
Pionnier du cinéma allemand, associé d'Oskar Messter en 1903 (il est l'opérateur de Salomé), il dirige notamment Trop tard (Zu spät, 1911), Richard Wagner (1913, co-R William Wauer) et Tirol in Waffen (1914), seconde version du Andreas Hofer de Franz Porten (1909) dont il avait été l'opérateur. Reporter-opérateur pendant la guerre, il crée sa société de production en 1919 et devient célèbre avec une longue série de films dont la vedette est Henny Porten. Réalisateur prolifique, spécialiste d'un réalisme quelque peu théâtral, il dirige 37 films muets puis, en 1929, la version allemande de Die Nacht gehört uns (La nuit est à nous), un des premiers films parlants faits (simultanément) en Allemagne et en France. En 1931, c'est lui qui supervise la réalisation de Jeunes Filles en uniforme de Leontine Sagan, et qui, en 1937, procède à la première application du procédé Opticolor. Producteur à la UFA, il utilise la récente popularité de Zarah Leander dans Pages immortelles (Es war eine rauschende Ballnacht, 1939) et Marie Stuart (Das Herz der Königin, 1940). Auteur assez conventionnel, avec notamment la Reine Louise (Luise, Königin von Preussen, 1931), Der Choral von Leuthen (1933), Reifende Jugend (id.), Traumulus (id., 1936), Magda (Heimat, 1938), Hochzeit auf Bärenhof (1942), il réalise une vingtaine de films dans la période nazie, qui le voit devenir président de la Reichsfilmkammer, l'organisme corporatif du cinéma. Après la guerre, il tourne deux autres films peu avant sa mort., en 1950 (Komplott auf Erlenhof) et 1951 (Stips).
Il quitte le journalisme pour le théâtre et s'affirme très vite au cinéma. Ses premiers rôles, dans Metropolis (F. Lang, 1927), dans le Chant du prisonnier (J. May, 1928) et Asphalte (id., 1929), assurent sa réputation qui, pendant une trentaine d'années, ne fléchira pas : il sera l'une des vedettes les plus populaires d'Allemagne avec Willy Fritsch. Parmi ses films les plus représentatifs citons : l'Immortel Vagabond (Der unsterbliche Lump [G. Ucicky], 1930) ; Kismet (W. Dieterle, 1931) ; Mein Leopold (H. Steinhoff, id.) ; Voruntersuchung (R. Siodmak, id.) ; Die verliebte Firma (Max Ophuls, 1932) ; Ein Lied, ein Kuss, ein Mädel (G. von Bolvary, id.) ; Johann Strauss (Conrad Wiene, id.) ; Was Frauen träumen (von Bolvary, 1933) ; Barcarole (G. Lamprecht, 1935) ; Alarm in Peking (Herbert Selpin, 1937) ; Frau Sixta (Ucicky, 1938) ; Herz geht vor Anker (Theo Lingen, 1940) ; Clarissa (Lamprecht, 1941) ; Der grosse Fall (K. Anton, 1945) ; Rosen aus dem Süden (F. Antel, 1954) ; Sag nicht Addio (Hans H. König, 1956). Il en profitera pour passer, parfois, derrière la caméra, signant des divertissements à l'image de son personnage : élégants et charmeurs.
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