MELVILLE (Jean-Pierre Grumbach, dit Jean-Pierre) (suite)
Melville fait la guerre dans la cavalerie française, puis dans l'armée anglaise, enfin dans les FFL (Melville est son patronyme de clandestin, emprunté à l'auteur de Moby Dick, qu'il admirait). En 1945, il retrouve Paris et crée une firme de production. Seconde singularité : il est un des très rares cinéastes français (avec Pagnol) à s'être doté d'un outil de travail personnel. Il a son entreprise, ses studios, installés rue Jenner à Paris. Il tourne d'abord un court métrage, Vingt-Quatre Heures de la vie d'un clown (1946), où il y a déjà, fugitivement, ces plans de ville nocturne, ces silhouettes incertaines inscrites dans un décor urbain de fin de nuit, qui seront plus tard sa marque d'auteur. Puis, en marge de toutes les règles du cinéma installé, il dirige une adaptation du Silence de la mer de Vercors, texte qu'il aime pour l'avoir découvert à Londres en 1943. Cocteau, qui admire le Silence, lui confie alors l'adaptation des Enfants terribles. Après 1950, Melville est un indépendant que la profession prend au sérieux. Avec Bob le flambeur, un film de gangsters qui ne ressemble pas aux « Série noire » alors réalisés à la chaîne, Melville inaugure une ligne qui lui est personnelle : des films de moraliste désabusé, qui exaltent une image qui serait désuète si elle ne composait une mythologie de la virilité et des sociétés d'hommes. Le Doulos, le Deuxième Souffle, le Samouraï sont, après Deux Hommes dans Manhattan (où éclate la fascination du décor américain), les réussites déjà « classiques » (où la forme même du récit semble sécrétée par la violence et la tension épurées) d'un des auteurs les moins réalistes du cinéma français.
Films :
le Silence de la mer (1949) ; les Enfants terribles (1950) ; Quand tu liras cette lettre (1953) ; Bob le flambeur (1956) ; Deux Hommes dans Manhattan (1959) ; Léon Morin prêtre (1961) ; le Doulos (1963) ; l'Aîné des Ferchaux (id.) ; le Deuxième Souffle (1966) ; le Samouraï (1967) ; l'Armée des ombres (1969) ; le Cercle rouge (1970) ; Un flic (1972).
MENDAILLE (Daniel)
acteur français (Tours 1885 - Couilly-Pont-aux-Dames 1963).
Sa haute taille, sa voix caverneuse, son visage en lame de couteau ont fait de lui l'un des personnages peu recommandables de l'écran français. Il excelle dans le mélo (la Robe rouge, Jean de Marguenat, 1933 ; l'Assommoir, Gaston Roudès, id. ; la Porteuse de pain, René Sti, 1934 ; la Joueuse d'orgue, Roudès, 1936). Au temps du muet, un Poirier (le Coffret de jade, 1921 ; Verdun visions d'histoire, 1928), un Tourneur (l'Équipage, id.), un Cavalcanti (le Capitaine Fracasse, 1929) avaient reconnu ses qualités de sincérité et de présence — comme plus tard Pabst, Duvivier, Gance, Becker, ainsi qu'Ophuls, puisqu'il apparaît encore dans Lola Montès (1955).
MENDES (Lothar)
cinéaste allemand (Berlin 1894 - Londres, G. B., 1974).
Élève, puis acteur de Max Reinhardt, auprès de qui il travaille à Vienne, puis à Berlin, il abandonne le théâtre pour le cinéma, dirige quelques films austro-allemands (Der Abenteuer, 1921 ; Liebe macht blind, 1925) et quitte l'Europe pour les États-Unis, en 1926. Il réalise The Prince of Tempters dès son arrivée, mais c'est Joseph C. Boyle qui termine Convoy (1927). Après A Night of Mystery (1928), Interference (CO Roy J. Pomeroy, 1929), Mendes coréalise avec Merian C. Cooper et Shoedsack les Quatre Plumes blanches (id.), une de ses réussites ; mais elle est plus que partagée... Les titres qu'il signe par la suite ne présentent guère d'originalité — exception faite de son Jew Süss (1934), tourné en Grande-Bretagne, qui est « à l'opposé » de ce que sera celui de Veit Harlan. Après l'Homme qui faisait des miracles (The Man Who Could Work Miracles, GB, 1936) et Moonlight Sonata (GB, 1937), il retourne aux États-Unis, où il apporte une contribution sans éclat aux films de guerre (International Squadron, 1941 ; Perdue sous les tropiques [Flight for Freedom, 1943]). Il s'arrête de tourner après Tampico (1944) et The Walls Came Tumbling Down (1946).
MENGES (Chris)
chef opérateur et cinéaste britannique (Kingston 1940).
Sa photo sans apprêt pour les films de Ken Loach, rude et opalescente à la fois, reste dans les mémoires (Kes, 1970 ; Black Jack, 1979). Mais l'ampleur épique et les coloris exotiques l'inspirent également (Mission, Roland Joffé, 1986). Il a réalisé un film honnête et sincère sur l'apartheid (Un monde à part, A World Apart, 1988) et un autre, The Lost Son (id., 1999), plus trouble, sur la pédophilie (avec Daniel Auteuil).
MENICHELLI (Giuseppina, dite Pina)
actrice italienne (Sicile 1893 - Milan 1984).
Après s'être d'abord consacrée au théâtre, Pina Menichelli est engagée en 1913 par la Cines, où pendant deux ans on ne lui confie que des rôles de second plan. Passée à l'Itala de Turin, elle est révélée en 1915 par Lulù de Genina. Grâce à quelques films mémorables (Il fuoco, G. Pastrone, 1915 ; Tigre reale, Pastrone, 1916 ; La trilogia di Dorina, G. Zambuto, 1917), elle devient une des divas les plus célèbres du cinéma italien. Elle tourne alors régulièrement jusqu'en 1924 sous la direction de cinéastes comme Gero Zambuto, Eugenio Perego et, surtout, Amleto Palermi (Malafemmina, il romanzo di un giovane povero, 1919 ; La seconda moglie, 1922 ; la Dame de chez Maxim's, 1923). Avec son regard noir, ses gestes alanguis, ses toilettes tarabiscotées, Pina Menichelli est une des actrices les plus caractéristiques du cinéma des divas, ce genre où triomphe une sophistication extrême.
MENJOU (Adolphe)
acteur américain (Pittsburg, Pa., 1890 - Los Angeles, Ca., 1963).
Ce français d'origine, bien américain de formation et d'idées, a symbolisé pendant deux décennies la séduction parisienne, grâce à des moustaches frissonnantes et des regards entendus. Venu au cinéma en 1912, après la rituelle éducation théâtrale, il remplit dûment des rôles secondaires de séducteur ou de traître, jusqu'en 1923. Cette année-là, il a l'honneur d'être le partenaire de Pola Negri dans la Danseuse espagnole (The Spanish Dancer, H. Brenon), et surtout il donne à son personnage assez conventionnel de gommeux gominé une dimension et une profondeur nouvelles dans l'Opinion publique de Charles Chaplin. Sa création à la fois suave et morbide dans ce film étonnant ne pouvait manquer de séduire Ernst Lubitsch, qui, l'année suivante, en fait le savoureux Premier ministre de Pola Negri dans Paradis défendu. Deux des assistants de Chaplin pour l'Opinion publique donnèrent enfin à Menjou l'envergure d'une (presque) star : Malcolm St-Clair dans le pétillant la Grande-Duchesse et le Garçon d'étage (1926, toujours avec Pola Negri) et Harry d'Abbadie d'Arrast dans le méconnu Serenade (1927). Au parlant, après un rôle qui lui était habituel dans Morocco (J. von Sternberg, 1930), il se révèle un acteur de composition au timing trépidant, parfaitement américain dans The Front Page (L. Milestone, 1931), où il joue un journaliste cynique et carnassier, dans l'Adieu au drapeau (F. Borzage, 1932), où il est un officier italien viveur et secrètement tourmenté, et dans Amour défendu (F. Capra, 1932), où il donne beaucoup de relief au businessman arriviste et un peu lâche. À partir de là, il est extrêmement actif dans des rôles certes secondaires, mais toujours marquants. Le manager de boxe agressif de l'Esclave aux mains d'or (R. Mamoulian, 1939), le producteur de théâtre de Pension d'artistes (G. La Cava, 1937), le politicien requin de l'Enjeu (Capra, 1948) et, dans des registres inattendus dont il se tire avec panache, le trappeur hirsute de Au-delà du Missouri (W. A. Wellman, 1951) et l'effrayante vieille ganache française des Sentiers de la gloire (S. Kubrick, 1957). Il a été actif aussi au théâtre et à la TV.
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