Artisan habile de la phase dorée de l'industrie mexicaine, il débute dans la mise en scène à la veille de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, mais doit sa réputation aux meilleurs films interprétés par Ninón Sevilla : Aventurera (1949), Femmes interdites (Sensualidad, 1950), la Professionnelle (No niego mi pasado, 1951). Le film des « rues chaudes » y trouve son apogée, les poncifs s'accumulent avec tant de frénésie qu'ils débouchent sur un humour involontaire et la prostituée y tient le rôle de révélateur des mères faussement vertueuses. Le scénariste Álvaro Custodio (d'origine espagnole aussi) collabore à ces trois films qui lui doivent peut-être leur relative originalité. En effet, certains autres films tournés par Gout avec sa vedette préférée (Revancha, 1948 ; Maison de plaisir [Mujeres sacrificadas], 1951 ; Aventura en Río, 1952), ou sans elle (La bien pagada, 1947, avec l'exubérante Cubaine Maria Antonieta Pons ; Cortesana, id. ; Adán y Eva, 1956 ; Estrategia matrimonio, 1966), n'offrent qu'un intérêt très relatif.
GOUZE-RÉNAL (Christine Gouze, dite)
productrice française (Mouchard 1914).
De 1953 à 1955, elle est administratrice de films. En 1956, elle crée la société Progefi (Production générale de films), qui produit plusieurs films interprétés par Brigitte Bardot : La mariée est trop belle (Pierre Gaspard-Huit, 1956), la Femme et le Pantin (J. Duvivier, 1958), Vie privée (L. Malle, 1962) ou par Roger Hanin, son époux : la Sentence (Jean Valère, 1959), l'Affaire d'une nuit (H. Verneuil, 1960), Le tigre aime la chair fraîche (1964) et Le tigre se parfume à la dynamite (1965), tous deux de Claude Chabrol. Également à son actif de productrice soucieuse de qualité : Vingt-quatre heures de la vie d'une femme (Dominique Delouche, 1968), les Aveux les plus doux (É. Molinaro, 1971), Une chambre en ville (J. Demy, 1983), et les films réalisés par Roger Hanin : le Protecteur (1974), le Faux-cul (1975), Train d'enfer (1985), la Rumba (1987). À partir de 1976, elle a également une activité très suivie à la télévision, où elle produit, entre autres : la Pitié dangereuse (Molinaro), Une page d'amour (Élie Chouraqui), Au bon beurre (Molinaro), la Veuve rouge (id.), le Secret de la princesse de Cadignan (J. Deray), l'Ordre (Étienne Périer), la Confusion des sentiments (id.), le Dernier Civil (Laurent Heynemann), Tout est dans la fin (J. Delannoy), Un métier de seigneur (Molinaro).
GOYA (Simone Marchand, dite Mona)
actrice française (Mexico, Mexique, 1912 - Paris 1961).
Quand elle paraît sur l'écran, elle apporte une bouffée de bonne humeur et un air de belle santé. Très demandée dans les années 30, elle fait circuler dans les studios d'Hollywood et de Berlin un parfum parisien (les Époux célibataires, Jean Boyer et A. Robison, 1935 ; Jonny haute couture, S. de Poligny, 1936). Elle donne la réplique à Fernandel dans les films suivants de Christian-Jaque : Josette (1936) ; François Ier (1937) ; Ernest le rebelle (1938). Elle se glisse dans ceux de Guitry (Donne-moi tes yeux, 1943 ; la Malibran, id.) et campe les coquettes avec Gance (le Capitaine Fracasse, id.). Son jeu se durcit dans les Amants de Bras-Mort (M. Pagliero, 1951), mais, jusqu'à sa fin prématurée, elle incarne dans des films moyens un certain bonheur de vivre.
G.P.
Abrév. de gros plan.
GPO,
sigle du General Post Office (ministère des Postes) qui accueille l'école documentariste anglaise des années 30 animée par John Grierson, organisateur de l'Empire Marketing Board-Film Unit (1929-1933), devenue ensuite GPO-Film Unit (1934-1941), puis, après le départ de Grierson pour le Canada (1939), la Crown-Film Unit (1941-1951). En 1929, Grierson réalise un documentaire muet de 50 minutes sur la pêche au hareng, Drifters, qui est la première manifestation du nouveau courant, où, selon Georges Sadoul, « se croisent les tendances avancées de 1930 : les montages symphoniques de Ruttmann, les divers courants de l'avant-garde française, les théories de Vertov, Eisenstein, Poudovkine, Dovjenko, les réalisations récentes de Joris Ivens, enfin la leçon de Flaherty ». Grierson définit ainsi son propos : « L'idée documentaire ne demande rien de plus que de porter à l'écran (...) les préoccupations de notre temps (...). Cette vision peut être du reportage à un certain niveau, de la poésie à un autre ; à un autre enfin, sa qualité esthétique réside dans la lucidité de son exposé. »
Grierson réunit autour de lui un groupe de débutants et va impulser pendant une décennie une production abondante et féconde. Lui-même réalise (avec Flaherty à la caméra) l'un des films les plus marquants du mouvement : Industrial Britain (1933), démonstration de montage « symphoni que », comme Voice of the World d'Arthur Elton (1932) et Song of Ceylon de Basil Wright (1935). Le chef-d'œuvre du courant poétique sera Night Mail de Wright et Harry Watt (1936), reportage sur la course nocturne d'un train postal. L'influence de Flaherty (qui tourne l'Homme d'Aran en 1934) va délivrer, selon Grierson, les documentaristes « de la tyrannie de la méthode impressionniste », porter leur attention sur « l'observation directe » plutôt que sur « l'orchestration de ses aspects esthéti ques ». Ainsi naissent Housing Problems d'Edgar Anstey (1935), Coal Face d'Alberto Cavalcanti (id.), North Sea de Harry Watt (1938). Puis le groupe témoigne sur la bataille d'Angleterre : London can Take It de Watt et Humphrey Jennings (1940) ; Target for Tonight de Watt (1941) ; Fires were started de Jennings (1943). Son influence se fera sentir (même dans le film de fiction) jusque dans les années 50 et sera particulièrement décisive dans le développement du Free Cinema.
Danseuse dès l'âge de treize ans, précocement engagée dans les « chorus girls » de Samuel Goldwyn, elle travaille alternativement à Broadway et à Hollywood (à partir de 1930) jusqu'en 1940. Cette année-là, elle remplace au pied levé, à la scène, Alice Faye qui, tombée malade, doit aussi renoncer au rôle principal du film Sous le ciel d'Argentine (Down Argentine Way) que dirigera Irving Cummings. Définitivement lancée au cinéma, Betty Grable exhibe des jambes parfaites assurées pour un million de dollars par la Lloyds of London, un buste « maternel » et un sourire de blonde enjôleuse, qui assurent sa carrière aussi longtemps que durera l'âge d'or de la comédie musicale à la Fox, où elle est sous contrat. Actrice médiocre mais sans prétention, elle fixera en 1944, dans le film homonyme, le type de la pin-up girl dont rêvent les GI'S, et aux versions dessinées de laquelle sa silhouette a généreusement servi de modèle. Ses tout derniers rôles furent, chose curieuse, les moins fades, mais elle était devenue depuis longtemps une composante de la mythologie hollywoodienne.
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