Il s'agit de la grossesse, des insuffisances hépatique et rénale, du déficit en glucose-6-phosphate-déshydrogénase et de l'allergie aux sulfamides. Ces médicaments sont aussi contre-indiqués chez les nouveau-nés.
Effets indésirables des sulfamides
Il peut se produire des manifestations digestives (nausées et vomissements), rénales (colique néphrétique, surtout avec les sulfamides diurétiques, néphrite allergique), cutanées (allergie), hématologiques (anémie hémolytique en cas de déficit en glucose-6-phosphate-déshydrogénase, diminution du nombre de globules blancs ou de plaquettes).
sulfate
Substance chimique dérivée de l'acide sulfurique.
Les sulfates sont soit des sels (obtenus par réaction de l'acide sulfurique avec une base), soit des esters (obtenus par réaction de cet acide avec un alcool). De nombreux médicaments sont des sulfates, mais ce caractère est souvent accessoire, le rôle important revenant à la base ou à l'alcool.
UTILISATIONS THÉRAPEUTIQUES
Le sulfate de cuivre est un antiseptique cutané. Le sulfate de sodium et le sulfate de magnésium sont des laxatifs. Le sulfate de fer est utilisé pour lutter contre certaines anémies. Le sulfate de gentamicine est prescrit pour les propriétés antibiotiques de la gentamicine.
sulfite
Substance chimique dérivée de l'acide sulfureux.
Les sulfites sont des sels, obtenus par réaction de l'acide sulfureux avec une base.
Ces produits sont essentiellement utilisés comme conservateurs dans de nombreux médicaments : par exemple, le bisulfite de calcium est employé dans les pommades et les gelées. Le sulfite neutre de calcium sert à empêcher la fermentation des sucres. Les bisulfites de potassium et de sodium sont des antiseptiques et des désinfectants. Le sulfite monosodique entre dans la composition des solutions injectables d'adrénaline, de chlorhydrate d'apomorphine et de procaïne.
sumatriptan
Médicament antimigraineux.
Le sumatriptan est indiqué dans le traitement des migraines, par voie orale, et dans celui des algies vasculaires de la face par voie sous-cutanée. Il agit en se fixant sur les mêmes récepteurs cellulaires que la sérotonine (hormone sécrétée par certaines cellules du tube digestif et du tissu cérébral et qui possède une action vasoconstrictive). En cas d'échec des autres traitements de la crise migraineuse, le sumatriptan est régulièrement efficace.
Le sumatriptan est contre-indiqué en cas d'hypertension artérielle non contrôlée, d'antécédent d'infarctus du myocarde, d'angor de Prinzmetal (spasme des artères coronaires) et de cardiopathie ischémique. Par précaution, il est déconseillé chez l'enfant et le sujet âgé ainsi que chez les conducteurs en raison des risques de somnolence qu'il provoque.
EFFETS INDÉSIRABLES
Le sumatriptan peut entraîner des vertiges, une fatigue, des douleurs thoraciques et une douleur à l'injection.
supination
Mouvement de rotation externe de l'avant-bras, amenant la paume de la main de l'arrière vers l'avant (quand le bras est vertical) ou du bas vers le haut (quand le bras est horizontal), par opposition à la pronation.
La supination est un mouvement complexe, faisant intervenir plusieurs articulations du coude et du poignet. Un mouvement équivalent, mais juste ébauché, existe au niveau du pied, permettant son adaptation aux inégalités du terrain lors de la marche.
supplément vitaminique
Apport de vitamines, généralement sous forme médicamenteuse, prescrit en cas d'alimentation insuffisante pour satisfaire les besoins nutritionnels.
Une supplémentation vitaminique se justifie surtout en cas d'alimentation restreinte (régimes amaigrissants) ou déséquilibrée (malnutrition), en cas d'augmentation des besoins (grossesses multiples et/ou rapprochées, petite enfance, personne âgée en hiver, etc.) ou au cours de certaines pathologies ou situations (alcoolisme chronique, anorexie, dénutrition, risque de malformations chez le fœtus, etc.).
Dans tous les cas, la supplémentation vitaminique reste un acte médical, compte tenu de l'éventuelle toxicité de certaines vitamines, lorsqu'elles sont prises à fortes doses (vitamines A et D), et des interactions possibles des vitamines entre elles ou avec certaines substances médicamenteuses (par exemple, vitamine B6 et lévodopa, vitamine B9 et anticonvulsivants).
suppuration
Production et écoulement de pus.
CAUSES
Une suppuration est due à l'évolution spontanée d'une infection à germes pyogènes (qui provoquent une suppuration).
Elle provient ou non d'une collection purulente (abcès), qui peut être superficielle, comme dans le cas d'un furoncle (inflammation d'un follicule pilosébacé produite par un staphylocoque) ou d'un abcès de la gencive, ou profonde et localisée alors dans un viscère : foie, poumon, cerveau, rein. Une suppuration qui ne se résorbe pas s'écoule soit spontanément, par l'intermédiaire d'une fistule (canal pathologique) vers la peau ou dans un organe voisin, soit par ouverture chirurgicale.
SYMPTÔMES ET SIGNES
Les caractères de l'écoulement de pus dépendent de la nature des germes responsables de l'infection et du nombre de leucocytes (globules blancs) qui interviennent dans la défense locale de l'organisme.
TRAITEMENT
Le traitement d'une suppuration superficielle consiste à désinfecter la plaie et à évacuer le pus. Celui d'une suppuration profonde nécessite le plus souvent un geste chirurgical destiné à évacuer le pus ainsi qu'une antibiothérapie par voie générale.
supraclusion
Recouvrement excessif des incisives inférieures par les incisives supérieures.
Bien que pouvant apparaître à n'importe quel âge, les supraclusions concernent en majorité des adultes. Elles sont dues à un développement insuffisant du maxillaire inférieur et/ou supérieur au niveau des prémolaires et des molaires.
SYMPTÔMES ET SIGNES
Une supraclusion s'accompagne de divers symptômes : douleurs, tuméfaction de la gencive, impossibilité pour le patient de refermer correctement la bouche. Parfois, le recouvrement est si important que les incisives inférieures entrent en contact avec le palais et le blessent. Non traitée, une supraclusion s'aggrave en général avec le temps.
TRAITEMENT
Il vise dans un premier temps à soigner les symptômes de la supraclusion par le port d'un appareil empêchant le contact des dents inférieures avec le palais.
Le traitement de fond de la supraclusion consiste à corriger le rapport entre les mâchoires inférieure et supérieure à l'aide d'un bridge fixé (par exemple, une prothèse en or ou en céramique qui recouvre les molaires de façon à augmenter artificiellement leur hauteur et, donc, à supprimer la supraclusion) ou au moyen d'un appareil orthodontique.
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