La prévention, simple, consiste à bien hydrater et à surveiller l'enfant en cas de diarrhée et/ou de fièvre. En période de chaleur, il est nécessaire de faire boire les bébés régulièrement. L'information des parents est très importante afin qu'ils puissent eux-mêmes prendre en charge les cas les plus simples et demander une aide médicale éventuelle au bon moment.
Des systèmes de prévention et de traitement, mis en place, depuis des années, dans les pays en développement, portent sur deux points principaux : l'information des mères et la mise à la disposition des populations de solutions de réhydratation orale.
déshydrogénase
Enzyme intervenant au cours des réactions d'oxydation à l'intérieur des cellules et permettant de produire de l'énergie.
La structure des déshydrogénases est variable, mais celles-ci, pour être actives, nécessitent une substance appelée nicotinamide-adénine-dinucléotide, ou N.A.D., dérivée de la vitamine PP.
UTILISATION DIAGNOSTIQUE
La concentration sanguine d'une déshydrogénase particulière, la déshydrogénase lactique, ou lacticodéshydrogénase (L.D.H.), augmente en cas de nécrose (mort cellulaire). Sa mesure aide ainsi au diagnostic des infarctus du myocarde, des hépatites, des infections bactériennes et au suivi des chimiothérapies.
désinfection
Destruction momentanée des microbes présents sur un matériel ou une surface.
À la différence de l'antisepsie, la désinfection ne s'applique pas au malade mais à son environnement : linge, literie, instruments médicaux, locaux et mobilier. Pour certaines maladies infectieuses (choléra, fièvre typhoïde), elle s'effectue en fin de maladie.
La désinfection vise à détruire un maximum de germes pathogènes (bactéries, virus et champignons microscopiques), responsables éventuels d'infections. Les procédés utilisés sont d'ordre physique (chaleur sèche, chaleur humide, rayonnements ionisants) ou chimique (eau de Javel, formaldéhyde).
Si la destruction totale et durable de tous les germes présents est requise (instruments chirurgicaux, par exemple), la désinfection devient insuffisante ; on recourt alors à la stérilisation, qui agit radicalement et est assortie d'un conditionnement spécifique assurant son maintien.
désinsertion
Rupture du point d'attache entre un os et un ligament, un tendon ou un muscle.
Une désinsertion peut survenir lors d'une fracture, d'une entorse sévère, d'une luxation, d'un arrachement tendineux ou être la conséquence d'une maladie, généralement rhumatismale. Mais un chirurgien, au cours d'une intervention, peut aussi réaliser volontairement une désinsertion pour atteindre un espace anatomique particulier.
Le traitement consiste en la réinsertion par suture du ligament, du tendon ou du muscle lésé. Dans le cas de lésions trop importantes, on peut tenter une transposition, par réinsertion d'un autre ligament, d'un autre tendon, voire d'un autre muscle.
désinvagination
Traitement de l'invagination intestinale aiguë du nourrisson.
La désinvagination se pratique en cas d'invagination intestinale du nourrisson, c'est-à-dire quand l'intestin grêle pénètre à l'intérieur du côlon de telle sorte qu'il s'y trouve engainé (invaginé). La progression des matières étant alors interrompue, une occlusion intestinale peut se produire.
désobstruction
Traitement, chirurgical ou non, consistant à supprimer un obstacle dans un canal ou une cavité naturels.
Divers organes peuvent être concernés.
— Les artères peuvent être obstruées par un embole, le plus souvent un fragment de caillot sanguin apporté par la circulation, en provenance d'un autre endroit du corps et restant bloqué dans l'artère. L'extraction se fait grâce à un cathéter à ballonnet : celui-ci est introduit dans l'artère à travers la peau, puis poussé au-delà du caillot. Le ballonnet, situé à une extrémité du cathéter, est alors gonflé par injection à l'autre extrémité de la sonde. Quand on retire le cathéter, le ballonnet ramène le caillot avec lui. Les artères peuvent aussi être rétrécies de façon chronique par des plaques d'athérome, un dépôt lipidique qui adhère à leur paroi. L'endartériectomie chirurgicale permet alors de pratiquer l'ablation des plaques, après incision de l'artère. Dans le traitement des obstructions artérielles chroniques, la désobstruction est cependant moins utilisée que le pontage, qui consiste à court-circuiter la zone de rétrécissement en implantant un tube en matière synthétique ou en greffant un segment de vaisseau.
— Les veines peuvent être obstruées par un caillot (phlébite, thrombose veineuse) formé sur place, source possible d'embolie. Si le traitement médicamenteux par anticoagulant ne suffit pas, on procède à une désobstruction à l'aide d'une sonde à ballonnet, selon les mêmes principes que pour les artères.
— Le tube digestif (intestin grêle et côlon en particulier) peut être obstrué par une tumeur, un rétrécissement inflammatoire, une bride ou une adhérence. Une désobstruction passagère peut être obtenue par un lavement ou une intervention endoscopique. La désobstruction définitive nécessite le traitement radical de la cause.
désorientation
Perte du sens de l'orientation dans le temps et/ou dans l'espace.
Une désorientation résulte d'un bouleversement des perceptions mentales qui permettent ordinairement au sujet de se repérer dans une situation donnée.
— La désorientation dans l'espace et dans le temps (spatio-temporelle) est un des symptômes majeurs de la confusion mentale (ou delirium). On la rencontre également dans tout état d'affaiblissement de la conscience (troubles démentiels, accidents vasculaires cérébraux, etc.).
— La désorientation dans le temps est propre aux formes d'amnésie dans lesquelles le sujet n'arrive plus à fixer les informations récentes mais revit comme présente une scène passée (ecmnésie) et voit affluer un défilé de souvenirs (mentisme).
— La désorientation dans l'espace se rencontre dans certains troubles psychotiques chroniques et dans les atteintes du système nerveux central.
Voir : delirium.
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