Le traitement des ulcères gastroduodénaux est médicamenteux, et varie selon que le germe Hp est impliqué ou non dans l'ulcère. Le traitement de l'infection à Hp repose sur l'association de deux antibiotiques, à quoi est associée une forte dose d'antisécrétoires (médicaments supprimant la production d'acide chlorhydrique par l'estomac). La durée de ce traitement est de 7 à 14 jours. Le traitement d'un ulcère gastroduodénal n'impliquant pas le germe Hp repose sur l'administration de puissants antisécrétoires, sur une durée allant de 2 à 4 semaines.
La prise d'aspirine ou d'anti-inflammatoires est absolument proscrite (à l'exception des faibles doses d'aspirine prescrites en traitement préventif des thromboses), ainsi que la consommation de tabac. L'ulcère ne nécessite aucun régime alimentaire particulier. Une surveillance endoscopique est nécessaire au suivi du traitement de l'ulcère gastrique, mais inutile pour un ulcère duodénal.
Les traitements médicamenteux aujourd'hui disponibles sont généralement très efficaces et ont rendu exceptionnelles les indications d'une intervention chirurgicale : perforation de l'ulcère, hémorragie très importante ou cancérisation. Les techniques chirurgicales alors employées sont la gastrectomie partielle et/ou la vagotomie (destruction des nerfs inducteurs des sécrétions gastriques). Une éradication du germe Hp entraîne une guérison définitive de l'ulcère.
Voir : helicobacter pylori.
ulcère phagédénique
Maladie chronique des régions chaudes et humides, caractérisée par la formation, le plus souvent sur un membre inférieur, d'une plaie laissant l'épiderme, voire le derme, à nu.
L'ulcère phagédénique est dû à la pénétration de diverses bactéries dans la peau lors de traumatismes (blessure, éraflure) souvent minimes mais répétés et mal soignés.
SYMPTÔMES ET ÉVOLUTION
Parfois étendu, il forme un cratère aux bords rouges et gonflés, au fond noirâtre, d'où suinte un liquide malodorant. Un ulcère phagédénique peut être à l'origine d'une gangrène ou d'un tétanos, mais aussi d'une ostéite (inflammation de l'os), provoquant la destruction de l'os du membre inférieur. Lorsqu'il saigne ou change d'aspect, une cancérisation doit être évoquée : un ulcère phagédénique peut en effet se cancériser rapidement et entraîner la formation de métastases. Une biopsie permet de confirmer sa nature, bénigne ou maligne.
TRAITEMENT
Il repose sur la prise d'antibiotiques et le nettoyage de la plaie (antiseptiques), qui doit ensuite être recouverte d'un pansement. Parfois une greffe de peau est indiquée. En cas de gangrène, il est nécessaire de procéder à une amputation du membre. Une cancérisation impose l'ablation chirurgicale de la tumeur, parfois associée à une chimiothérapie.
ulcère solitaire du rectum
Lésion rectale d'évolution chronique.
L'ulcère solitaire du rectum est une affection rare touchant l'adulte jeune et dont les causes sont mal connues. Il pourrait témoigner d'un prolapsus (glissement) de la muqueuse rectale. Cet ulcère peut être responsable d'émissions de sang rouge, le plus souvent en quantité modérée, accompagnant les selles, parfois associées à des douleurs anorectales. La rectoscopie (examen du rectum à l'aide d'un tube muni d'un système optique et introduit par l'anus) permet le diagnostic. Les complications sont exceptionnelles : hémorragie digestive abondante, sténose (rétrécissement) rectale. Il n'y a pas risque de cancérisation.
TRAITEMENT
Il repose sur la régularisation du transit, dont les dysfonctionnements risqueraient d'aggraver l'ulcère (prescription de laxatifs ou d'antispasmodiques), sur l'administration de corticostéroïdes locaux et, parfois, sur une rectopexie (correction chirurgicale du prolapsus consistant à remonter le rectum et à modifier son orientation). Le traitement, quel qu'il soit, a néanmoins des résultats décevants.
ultrafiltration
Passage sélectif de substances dissoutes dans un liquide à travers une membrane filtrante.
Voir : filtration glomérulaire.
ultrason
Vibration sonore supérieure à 20 000 hertz, inaudible pour l'homme.
UTILISATION
Les ultrasons sont utilisés dans le diagnostic et le traitement de différentes affections.
— Dans un but diagnostique, les ultrasons sont employés par l'échographie, qui explore les organes internes mous ou remplis de liquide par la réflexion et l'analyse d'un faisceau d'ultrasons, et par le Doppler ; cette dernière technique étudie la vitesse de la circulation artérielle et veineuse au moyen d'une sonde émettrice d'ultrasons qui se réfléchissent sur les globules rouges puis sont recueillis par un récepteur situé sur la même sonde.
— Dans un but thérapeutique, les ultrasons sont exploités dans le traitement symptomatique d'affections des tissus mous (muscles, ligaments, tendons). Cette technique, appelée ultrasonothérapie, qui fait appel à des ondes de haute fréquence, permet de réduire l'inflammation en améliorant la circulation locale. Les ultrasons sont également utilisés par une technique, appelée lithotripsie, pour fragmenter des calculs, surtout urinaires, par voie externe.
ultraviolet
Rayonnement électromagnétique d'une longueur d'onde inférieure à 400 nanomètres.
Les rayons ultraviolets (U.V.) sont invisibles pour l'œil humain ; ils se situent immédiatement après la bande violette du spectre visible de la lumière et avant les rayons X. Les rayons ultraviolets existent naturellement dans la lumière solaire, mais la plupart d'entre eux sont absorbés par la couche d'ozone de l'atmosphère. Ceux qui atteignent la surface de la terre produisent les effets bronzants du soleil et permettent la synthèse de la vitamine D par la peau.
DIFFÉRENTS TYPES D'ULTRAVIOLET
On distingue les rayons ultraviolets A (U.V.A.), de grande longueur d'onde, principaux facteurs du bronzage et de la synthèse de la vitamine D, les rayons ultraviolets B (U.V.B.), de longueur d'onde intermédiaire, et les rayons ultraviolets C (U.V.C.), de longueur d'onde courte.
PATHOLOGIE
Les ultraviolets A provoquent à long terme un vieillissement de la peau et l'apparition de lésions dégénératives cutanées. Les ultraviolets B sont responsables des coups de soleil, brûlures survenant lors d'une exposition excessive au soleil. Les lampes bronzantes, qui produisent artificiellement des rayons ultraviolets, sont supposées n'émettre que des U.V.A. mais produisent également de petites quantités d'U.V.B.
UTILISATION THÉRAPEUTIQUE
Les rayons ultraviolets sont utilisés en dermatologie. La lampe de Wood, lampe à vapeur de mercure qui produit des rayons ultraviolets, permet de diagnostiquer certaines maladies de peau grâce à la fluorescence qu'elle donne aux zones atteintes. La photothérapie (thérapie par les rayons ultraviolets) intervient dans le traitement de certaines affections de la peau (psoriasis, vitiligo) et de l'ictère du nouveau-né.
Voir : puvathérapie.
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