Elle consiste en une injection intradermique d'un filtrat de culture de Brucella melitensis. Un patient atteint de brucellose demeure sensible (réaction positive) à cette intradermoréaction pendant 2 à 5 ans après sa guérison.
Burnett (syndrome de)
Syndrome associant une hypercalcémie, une alcalose (alcalinité excessive du sang) et une insuffisance rénale.
Synonymes : syndrome des buveurs de lait, syndrome du lait et des alcalins, syndrome des alcalins.
Le syndrome de Burnett est dû à une consommation excessive et prolongée de lait et/ou de médicaments antiacides (contre l'acidité gastrique). Il s'observe le plus souvent chez les patients souffrant d'un ulcère gastroduodénal et de troubles rénaux associés. Il se manifeste par une faiblesse, des douleurs musculaires, une apathie. Le traitement consiste à réduire la consommation de lait et/ou des médicaments antiacides.
bursite
Inflammation aiguë ou chronique d'une bourse séreuse.
Synonyme : hygroma.
Étant donné l'analogie de structure entre bourse séreuse et bourse synoviale, les bursites ont la même origine que les arthrites infectieuses, microcristallines ou inflammatoires. En outre, elles peuvent être provoquées par une irritation locale (frottement). Elles touchent le plus souvent le coude, la rotule (dans les professions imposant un travail à genoux) et le tendon d'Achille (port de chaussures mal adaptées).
Une bursite se manifeste par une douleur locale avec gonflement et présence de liquide dans la bourse. Elle s'accompagne parfois d'une inflammation de la capsule articulaire contiguë. Le traitement repose sur la ponction du liquide, l'administration d'anti-inflammatoires, au besoin sur l'injection locale de corticostéroïdes, voire sur une intervention chirurgicale en cas de récidive.
butée
Greffon osseux apposé chirurgicalement près d'une articulation afin d'en augmenter la surface.
La butée, le plus souvent prélevée sur le patient lui-même, peut être réalisée à la hanche pour traiter une dysplasie (malformation ou anomalie du développement) afin d'augmenter la surface portante de l'articulation et de ralentir l'apparition d'une arthrose. Elle est alors souvent associée à une ostéotomie (correction chirurgicale) du fémur, destinée à en recentrer la tête sous une articulation agrandie par la butée. En cas d'arthroplastie totale de la hanche (remplacement de l'articulation par une prothèse), une butée peut être réalisée dans la cavité articulaire pour assurer un meilleur maintien à long terme de la prothèse.
Une butée peut aussi être réalisée à l'épaule quand la cavité articulaire de l'omoplate a été détériorée par des luxations répétées : associée à une remise sous tension de la capsule articulaire, elle permet de prévenir d'autres luxations.
buveurs de lait (syndrome des)
syndrome de Burnett
Bywaters (syndrome de)
Insuffisance rénale aiguë survenant en cas d'atteinte grave de la musculature.
Le syndrome de Bywaters est dû à la destruction étendue, par écrasement, de cellules des muscles squelettiques, provoquée par une compression prolongée des masses musculaires lors de traumatismes graves (ensevelissement, incarcération lors d'un accident de voiture), et plus précisément à la libération dans la circulation sanguine des constituants de ces cellules.
La myoglobine (pigment respiratoire musculaire), libérée alors en grande quantité dans le sang, devient rapidement toxique et bloque les tubules rénaux, ce qui provoque une insuffisance rénale aiguë. La libération importante de potassium dans la circulation provoque une hyperkaliémie (excès de potassium dans le sang), qui peut être responsable de troubles cardiaques sévères. Le taux d'enzymes musculaires (CPK) libérées dans le sang est également très élevé, traduisant l'importance de la destruction musculaire.
Le traitement fait le plus souvent appel à une hydratation abondante, pour tenter de prévenir la survenue de l'insuffisance rénale. En cas d'échec, ou en cas d'hyperkaliémie menaçante, l'hémodialyse est souvent nécessaire. La guérison s'effectue en général sans séquelles. Parallèlement, un traitement chirurgical de décompression musculaire est parfois nécessaire.
Voir : rhabdomyolyse.
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