Autant que de soins et de nourriture, le nouveau-né a besoin pour s'épanouir d'un contact précoce avec sa mère et son père. La chaleur et la tendresse qui lui sont prodiguées lui permettent de se développer de façon équilibrée.
Voir : accouchement, allaitement, score d' Apgar, test de Guthrie.
Les motifs de consultation
Certains symptômes doivent alerter les parents d'un nouveau-né et les conduire à contacter un médecin. C'est le cas si l'enfant a des selles plus liquides que d'habitude, vomit de façon répétée ou rejette de petites quantités de lait, plusieurs fois par jour, longtemps après avoir bu. De la même façon, une température supérieure à 37,8 °C ou inférieure à 36 °C, une respiration essoufflée au moment des tétées, un rhume permanent, une toux persistante ou une transpiration très abondante sont à prendre en compte. Enfin, si l'enfant ne réagit plus comme d'habitude, paraît mou et refuse de manger, ou si, au contraire, il semble avoir mal et être énervé, s'il devient pâle ou cyanosé de façon soudaine et perd connaissance, même brièvement, il faut consulter un médecin. En aucun cas les parents ne doivent donner de médicament à leur enfant sans avis médical.
noyade
Asphyxie due à l'immersion dans l'eau.
La noyade est responsable d'environ 140 000 décès par an dans le monde. Paradoxalement, les victimes sont souvent de bons nageurs qui ont surestimé leurs capacités ou n'ont pas tenu compte de la force des courants ; la noyade en piscine menace surtout les jeunes enfants. Une noyade est le plus souvent provoquée par la pénétration brutale d'eau, en quantité abondante, dans les voies respiratoires du sujet. Cependant, elle peut aussi être due à un arrêt cardiaque survenu au contact de l'eau, entraînant une perte de connaissance ; ce phénomène, appelé hydrocution, s'observe surtout lorsque l'eau est froide ou après une exposition à la chaleur ou un exercice physique.
Une noyade provoque une hypoxie (diminution de l'apport d'oxygène aux tissus) et une acidose (acidité sanguine excessive), responsables de lésions cérébrales et cardiaques. Une noyade en eau froide déclenche rapidement une hypothermie (abaissement de la température du corps au-dessous de 35 °C). On peut aussi observer un œdème du poumon (le plasma sanguin sort des capillaires et inonde les alvéoles), lié soit à une atteinte directe de la structure et de la fonction des alvéoles pulmonaires, soit, en cas de noyade en eau de mer, à un appel d'eau plasmatique vers les alvéoles, du fait de la concentration en sel de l'eau inhalée, qui est plus élevée que celle du plasma.
SAUVETAGE
Il doit être entrepris immédiatement et par une personne connaissant le secourisme. Il consiste, après avoir libéré la bouche et le pharynx du sujet de tout corps étranger (algues, boue, sable), à pratiquer le bouche-à-bouche en cas d'arrêt respiratoire, le bouche-à-bouche associé à un massage cardiaque en cas d'arrêt cardiaque (absence de pouls), ces manœuvres étant poursuivies jusqu'à l'arrivée des secours médicaux. Le sujet doit ensuite être hospitalisé pendant au moins 24 heures (risque d'œdème pulmonaire différé). Les techniques de réanimation appliquées sur les lieux de l'accident et à l'hôpital ont permis de réduire la mortalité jusqu'à près d'un décès pour dix noyades.
noyau
Partie centrale de la cellule, de forme variable bien que souvent sphérique et de taille proportionnelle au cytoplasme qui l'entoure, qui commande toutes les activités de la cellule, y compris sa division.
Toutes les cellules du corps, sauf les globules rouges et les plaquettes du sang, contiennent un noyau. Limité par une membrane dont les pores assurent la régulation des échanges avec le cytoplasme, le noyau contient la chromatine, faite surtout d'A.D.N., et un ou plusieurs nucléoles, contenant l'A.R.N. Il renferme donc les chromosomes porteurs de toutes les informations génétiques. Le noyau des cellules de l'organisme féminin a une particularité : l'un des chromosomes X est visible au microscope dans la plupart des cellules du corps (en particulier celles de la bouche) sous forme d'une petite masse collée à la membrane nucléaire, appelée corpuscule de Barr.
Le noyau commande au cytoplasme la synthèse de protéines, en particulier d'enzymes, selon les informations contenues dans l'A.D.N. des chromosomes.
Masse de substance grise située à l'intérieur de l'encéphale.
Synonyme : noyau gris de la base.
Au sein de la substance blanche des hémisphères cérébraux, les noyaux gris centraux sont au nombre de deux, symétriquement disposés. Chacun est composé, d'une part, d'un noyau caudé et d'un noyau lenticulaire (on appelle aussi striatum l'ensemble formé par le noyau caudé et la partie externe du noyau lenticulaire – ou putamen –, et pallidum la partie interne du noyau lenticulaire), d'autre part, d'un noyau sous-thalamique (ou corps de Luys), et, enfin, dans le mésencéphale (région juste au-dessous du cerveau), du locus niger. Tous ces noyaux participent au contrôle de la motricité et au mouvement volontaire.
PATHOLOGIE
Une atteinte des noyaux gris centraux s'accompagne toujours d'un déficit en un neurotransmetteur, la dopamine, et se traduit par des mouvements incoordonnés, des tremblements et des troubles mentaux. C'est le cas dans la maladie de Parkinson et dans la chorée.
nucléole
Corpuscule arrondi situé dans le noyau de la cellule et contenant de l'A.R.N.
Les nucléoles, uniques ou multiples, sont particulièrement nombreux et volumineux dans les cellules sécrétrices et dans les neurones. En effet, c'est dans les nucléoles que se situe la matrice d'A.R.N. qui est dupliquée dans les ribosomes (composants du cytoplasme cellulaire). Ceux-ci sont responsables de la synthèse des protéines élaborées dans la cellule.
nucléolyse
Destruction thérapeutique du nucleus pulposus (partie centrale, semi-liquide, d'un disque intervertébral).
La nucléolyse thérapeutique, ou chimionucléolyse, qui peut remplacer la chirurgie discale, a été pratiquée pour soulager les douleurs provoquées par une hernie discale (saillie du nucleus pulposus à l'extérieur de la colonne vertébrale, qui vient comprimer une racine nerveuse ou la moelle épinière). Elle consiste à injecter dans le disque intervertébral une enzyme végétale, la papaïne, qui détruit le nucleus sans léser les structures voisines. Elle n'est cependant applicable que si le nucleus reste juxtaposé au disque intervertébral ; en outre, elle doit toujours être précédée d'un test d'allergie à la papaïne et d'examens radiologiques (discographie, scanner, myélographie, I.R.M.) confirmant le diagnostic de la hernie discale. La chimionucléolyse, qui nécessite une hospitalisation de 3 ou 4 jours, est pratiquée par un rhumatologue ou un radiologue. La papaïne est injectée par voie postérolatérale, dans l'espace intervertébral, jusqu'au niveau de la hernie discale. L'intervention dure une vingtaine de minutes ; le patient est sous anesthésie légère (analgésiques et neuroleptiques), car il doit être capable de rester couché sur le côté. Dans 40 % des cas, la guérison survient 3 jours après l'opération, mais parfois plus tardivement ; la nucléolyse a échoué si, un mois après l'intervention, aucun signe de rémission n'est apparu. Le taux de réussite global de cette technique est de 70 %.
Dans les autres cas, on recourt à un traitement complémentaire (chirurgical surtout).
La chymopapaïne n'étant plus fabriquée par les laboratoires, cette technique n'est plus accessible en l'état. D'autres techniques sont à l'étude, comme la nucléolyse faisant appel à une sonde laser pour la destruction du nucleus.
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