L'édit constitue pour le catholicisme un échec. Le culte réformé est désormais autorisé sur les terres des seigneurs hauts justiciers, tandis que les seigneurs bas justiciers reçoivent un droit de culte privé. Il est reconnu également dans les villes et lieux où il se déroulait publiquement en 1596 et jusqu'à la fin d'août 1597, ainsi que dans les faubourgs de deux villes (ou bourgs) par bailliage. Des restrictions particulières concernent les terres de grands seigneurs ligueurs, Paris, les cimetières...
Sont définis aussi des droits civils, qui placent les calvinistes à égalité avec les catholiques : droit d'accéder à toutes les charges, dignités et magistratures, droit de libre résidence, droit de vendre, acheter, tester, hériter..., droit d'admission dans les universités, collèges, écoles et hôpitaux, droit de créer des collèges et académies, droit d'être jugés par des tribunaux spéciaux (des chambres mi-parties, avec établissement, au parlement de Paris, d'une Chambre de l'édit composée de 6 calvinistes et de 10 catholiques).
La paix repose enfin sur des droits politiques : concession de 144 lieux de refuge pour huit ans et faculté de tenir des assemblées discutant du montant des subventions royales.
L'application de l'édit se heurte à des résistances. Le parlement de Paris en négocie l'enregistrement dans une forme quelque peu remaniée, suivi par les autres cours souveraines, sauf le parlement de Rouen qui résiste jusqu'en 1609. Pour remédier aux difficultés locales dues aux réticences calvinistes comme catholiques, le roi nomme des commissaires dans les ressorts des parlements, l'un catholique, l'autre protestant. Ainsi est instauré en France ce qu'Augustin Renaudet a nommé « un régime nouveau et inconnu jusque-là en Europe », mais dont il faut se demander si, dans l'optique de la monarchie absolue qui se mettait en place, il n'était pas pensé comme transitoire.
Nantes (noyades de),
exécutions massives pratiquées pendant la Révolution, entre novembre 1793 et janvier 1794.
À l'automne 1793, après des mois d'une guerre civile effroyable, la Vendée est en passe d'être vaincue. Alors qu'elle est devenue le symbole de la résistance à la Révolution, Nantes, entourée de campagnes royalistes et enjeu d'une jonction entre chouannerie et Vendée, est suspectée de fédéralisme par le pouvoir central, qui envoie en mission dans ses murs le conventionnel Carrier. Prenant appui sur la petite bourgeoisie peuplant le comité révolutionnaire et la société populaire de la ville, celui-ci applique férocement la Terreur. Les prisons ne suffisant plus à contenir suspects et combattants vendéens, il décide de procéder à des exécutions massives. Aux fusillades, qui font plus de 2 600 morts, succèdent les noyades dans la Loire : elles consistent à couler des bateaux chargés de prisonniers, mais aussi à noyer hommes et femmes liés ensemble (les « mariages républicains »). Organisées de nuit, ces noyades auraient fait entre 3 000 et 5 000 morts. « Quel torrent révolutionnaire que la Loire ! », écrit Carrier, qui devient, lors de la réaction thermidorienne, l'image même de la Terreur, dépeinte comme un système de dépopulation. Alors que les girondins proscrits sont rappelés à la Convention, le récit des tueries et les témoignages sinistres lors du procès de Carrier en décembre 1794 permettent aux thermidoriens d'éliminer les derniers membres des Comités de salut public et de sûreté générale de l'an II. Laissant un souvenir durable, les « noyades de Nantes » font d'emblée l'objet d'une polémique toujours vivace.
Nantes (révocation de l'édit de),
acte par lequel Louis XIV interdit le culte protestant en signant l'édit de Fontainebleau, le 18 octobre 1685.
La coexistence légale de deux religions qu'institua l'édit de Nantes - fait unique en Europe - était conçue comme transitoire par les autorités catholiques et chaque assemblée générale du clergé exhortait à extirper l'hérésie, pour le salut des protestants et la gloire de l'Église. Le pouvoir royal, quant à lui, voyait un ferment démocratique dangereux dans les Églises réformées, les paroisses élisant leur pasteur, leurs synodes provinciaux et nationaux.
La suppression des privilèges politiques des protestants par l'édit d'Alès (1629) ne désarme pas la méfiance royale, malgré le loyalisme désormais affiché par les notables réformés. Le protestantisme voit par ailleurs son assise sociale réduite par les abjurations qui touchent la noblesse, soucieuse des faveurs royales. En arrivant au pouvoir en 1661, Louis XIV, qui n'a plus à redouter les protestants, n'a donc plus à les ménager. Une interprétation restrictive de l'édit de Nantes prévaut alors : limitation des prêches, interdiction de chanter des psaumes dans la rue ou de célébrer des obsèques en plein jour, fermeture de l'administration et de certains métiers aux non-catholiques, destruction des temples construits hors des lieux prévus par l'édit. Les écoles et collèges protestants sont peu à peu fermés. En outre, une caisse des conversions est instituée afin de récompenser les abjurations. La guerre de Hollande met un terme provisoire aux persécutions, qui reprennent dès le retour à la paix, sous une forme nouvelle : les dragonnades. Aux yeux du roi et de ses conseillers (Bossuet, le Père La Chaise, Louvois), celles-ci doivent achever une hérésie moribonde : les trois quarts des lieux de culte ont disparu à la fin de 1684 et le mouvement paraît irréversible ; la communauté protestante n'existant plus comme Église et société, l'édit de Nantes ne se justifie plus - au Conseil du roi, seuls Seignelay, Croissy et le dauphin sont d'avis de suspendre sa révocation. L'édit de Fontainebleau accorde donc le droit avec le fait : il supprime le culte réformé (les luthériens d'Alsace ne sont pas concernés). La liberté de conscience est formellement garantie ; mais, sans droit de s'exprimer, elle est illusoire : les pasteurs ont quinze jours pour choisir d'émigrer, en abandonnant leur biens et leurs enfants de plus de 7 ans, tandis que le départ est interdit aux simples fidèles. Dans sa quasi-totalité, l'opinion catholique s'enthousiasme ; bravant la peine des galères, 200 000 protestants (sur 800 000) préfèrent l'exil à l'abjuration. Dès la fin de 1685 apparaissent les assemblées du Désert.
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