Le mythe chevaleresque se perpétue bien au-delà de l'époque médiévale, grâce aux ordres créés, pour la plupart, au milieu du XIVe siècle, alors même que la chevalerie voit décliner son rôle militaire. En effet, à la fin du Moyen Âge, les armées nationales se forment, et fantassins ou archers commencent à l'emporter sur les charges traditionnelles de la chevalerie. Les défaites subies par les chevaliers à Courtrai (1302), Crécy (1346) ou Azincourt (1415) illustrent cette tendance. Pourtant, le prestige de la chevalerie aristocratique ne cesse de croître. Ses idéaux sont exaltés au sein des ordres de chevalerie laïcs, qui rassemblent en une même société honorifique des figures éminentes, au service d'une cause souvent politique : ainsi l'ordre de la Jarretière est-il fondé par Édouard III d'Angleterre en 1348 ; celui de l'Étoile, par le roi de France Jean II le Bon en 1351 ; celui de la Toison d'or, par le duc de Bourgogne Philippe le Bon en 1429. Sous prétexte de faire revivre la chevalerie - une chevalerie mythique mais que l'on veut croire seulement disparue - et d'honorer ses valeurs, ces ordres cherchent à capter des fidélités au profit de leur fondateur. Ils séduisent par leur faste et leurs rites, par la fraternité qui règne en leur sein, par la référence constante aux valeurs morales de la chevalerie. On peut les considérer comme les précurseurs des sociétés et décorations honorifiques contemporaines.
chevalerie (ordres de),
regroupements de chevaliers qui sont créés aux XIVe et XVe siècles, à l'initiative des rois et des princes.
À la différence des ordres militaires apparus au XIIe siècle, tels les templiers et les hospitaliers, dont ils reprennent toutefois certains idéaux, comme la défense de la Chrétienté, les ordres de chevalerie ne sont pas des ordres monastiques : ils rassemblent des nobles laïcs. À l'exemple d'Édouard III d'Angleterre, fondateur de l'ordre de la Jarretière (1348), Jean II le Bon crée, en 1352, celui de l'Étoile. Le roi est ensuite rapidement imité par les princes : en 1364, le duc Louis II de Bourbon institue l'ordre de l'Écu d'or, puis, en 1370, celui du Chardon ; peu avant 1400, le duc Louis d'Orléans, frère du roi Charles VI, érige l'ordre du Porc-Épic ; toutefois, le plus célèbre reste celui de la Toison d'or, créé par le duc de Bourgogne Philippe le Bon, en 1429. Ces ordres s'inspirent de la littérature courtoise, notamment des romans du cycle arthurien (Perceval, Lancelot, la Quête du Graal), qui célèbrent les exploits des chevaliers de la Table ronde, et qui ont alors un large écho. Cependant, ce sont des motifs politiques et sociaux qui conduisent les rois et les princes à regrouper ainsi l'élite de la noblesse. En effet, à partir du milieu du XIVe siècle, les défaites militaires, les transformations de la guerre et les révoltes paysannes affaiblissent le prestige de la noblesse, et remettent parfois en cause la légitimité de sa domination. Les ordres de chevalerie ont donc pour objectifs de renforcer la cohésion de la noblesse en établissant une nouvelle forme de fidélité envers le roi ou le prince, et d'exalter les vertus chevaleresques, célébrées à l'occasion de fêtes somptueuses. Lorsqu'en 1469 Louis XI crée un nouvel ordre royal, qu'il baptise du nom du protecteur céleste du royaume, l'archange saint Michel, il entend proclamer la renaissance du pouvoir royal et la fidélité de la noblesse face aux princes rebelles et à l'ennemi anglais.
Chevaliers de la foi (les),
société secrète fondée en 1810 par le vicomte Ferdinand de Bertier pour structurer la résistance royaliste. Son idéal reprend celui des ordres chevaleresques : être au service du trône et de l'autel.
Son organisation, hiérarchisée, s'inspirerait des loges maçonniques. Le cloisonnement garantit le secret : aux rangs inférieurs, chacun ignore le nom des dirigeants et leurs desseins. Les simples « associés de charité », au premier grade, croient seulement appartenir à une association soutenant les idées chrétiennes et monarchiques. Seuls les « chevaliers » sont initiés à tous les secrets de l'ordre, qui est dirigé par un conseil supérieur, dont le premier grand maître est Mathieu de Montmorency. Le recrutement est essentiellement aristocratique. Organisée par les départements en « bannières », la société s'implante surtout dans l'Ouest, le Nord, une partie de la Franche-Comté, la vallée du Rhône et le Midi. Minorité agissante, elle contribue au rétablissement des Bourbons en 1814 : à Bordeaux, le 12 mars, lors de l'arrivée des Anglais et du duc d'Angoulême, fils du futur Charles X, elle contraint le maire à proclamer Louis XVIII ; à Paris, elle organise des manifestations royalistes. Pendant les Cent-Jours, son activité de propagande est intense. Durant la seconde Restauration, les Chevaliers de la foi travaillent à la cohésion du parti ultraroyaliste à la Chambre des députés. Ils encouragent le renforcement de l'influence religieuse, sans laquelle, pensent-ils, l'ordre royaliste ne peut perdurer. Nombre d'entre eux sont d'ailleurs affiliés à la Congrégation. Mais les désaccords des dirigeants avec le comte de Villèle conduisent à la dissolution de l'association en 1826.
Chevaliers du poignard (conspiration des),
complot imaginaire qui provoque le désarmement de gentilshommes au château des Tuileries, le 28 février 1791.
À la suite du départ des tantes de Louis XVI pour Rome, la Constituante débat, le 28 février, d'un projet de décret interdisant l'émigration. Il est rejeté par la droite et par Mirabeau. Une foule nombreuse - favorable à l'interdiction - se rend à Vincennes : le bruit court, en effet, qu'un complot se trame, afin de faire fuir le roi depuis ce château. On ne sait s'il s'agissait d'une manifestation spontanée ou bien d'une diversion organisée par les opposants au décret. La foule est bientôt rejointe par la Garde nationale et La Fayette, qui rétablit l'ordre. Entre-temps, trois cents à quatre cents nobles, dont certains sont armés de pistolets et de poignards, se sont rassemblés au château des Tuileries pour protéger Louis XVI de l'émeute. Le roi leur ordonne froidement d'abandonner leurs armes et de se retirer. Désavoués, les défenseurs du monarque, accusés d'avoir voulu l'enlever, sont malmenés et évacués sous les huées. Cet épisode retentissant, que les journaux dénoncent comme une conspiration de « Chevaliers du poignard », illustre les craintes du mouvement populaire face aux progrès de la Contre-Révolution, au moment où les forces émigrées se rassemblent sur les bords du Rhin. Il constitue surtout une étape dans la rupture entre Louis XVI et les royalistes intransigeants, qui appellent la noblesse, humiliée, à rejoindre l'émigration militaire et à délaisser le roi. Le débat est alors vif dans les milieux royalistes, dont une frange importante se défera de tout scrupule au lendemain de Varennes.
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