Alors que Philippe le Hardi, oncle de Charles VI, avait une influence peu contestée au Conseil - qui gouverne durant la folie du roi -, Jean sans Peur s'oppose à son cousin Louis d'Orléans, frère de Charles VI, et à la reine Isabeau de Bavière. Le conflit s'envenime au point que, le 23 novembre 1407, il fait assassiner Louis d'Orléans, acte qui est à l'origine de la guerre civile connue sous le nom de « querelle des Armagnacs et des Bourguignons ». Après avoir fui Paris, Jean sans Peur y revient en maître en 1409 et gouverne le royaume en soutenant un programme de réformes qu'appuient l'Université et la prévôté des marchands. En 1413, l'échec de l'insurrection des Cabochiens (faction du parti des Bourguignons dirigée par Simon Caboche), auxquels il avait d'abord apporté sa caution, l'oblige à se réfugier en Flandre. Paris est aux mains des Armagnacs pour cinq ans. En 1418, après avoir mené un jeu politique équivoque avec les Anglais, Jean sans Peur rentre de nouveau à Paris et tente de se rapprocher du dauphin Charles. C'est au cours d'une entrevue qu'il avait obtenue avec ce dernier qu'il est assassiné par des hommes du parti des Armagnacs sur le pont de l'Yonne, à Montereau, le 10 septembre 1419. Sa mort signe la rupture des relations entre la Bourgogne et le royaume pour quinze années.
Jean sans Peur laisse cependant un État bourguignon dont la construction est bien avancée. En 1408, il a soumis les Liégeois à la bataille d'Othée, nommant comme prince-évêque son beau-frère Jean de Bavière. Il a unifié la Franche-Comté en y intégrant Besançon et annexé le Tonnerrois, le Boulennois et la Picardie. Il a également poursuivi la politique matrimoniale menée par son père, mariant ses six filles de manière à disposer d'alliances dans différents pays d'Europe. Si Jean sans Peur apparaît encore tiraillé entre la recherche du pouvoir au sein du royaume et l'édification de l'État bourguignon, son fils Philippe le Bon ne défendra d'autre cause que celle-là.
Jéhu ou Jésus (Compagnies de),
bandes organisées terrorisant les anciens « terroristes » dans la région de Lyon durant la Convention thermidorienne et le début du Directoire (1795-1797).
Au printemps 1795, la Terreur blanche, favorisée par la passivité complice des nouvelles autorités, est particulièrement violente dans une région dont Lyon, ensanglantée par la Terreur en 1793, est l'épicentre. Conduisant les représailles, les bandes armées, nommées « Compagnie de Jésus » par les jacobins - le terme « Jéhu » est une invention postérieure -, correspondent certainement à la Garde nationale épurée : elles sont formées de royalistes ou d'anciens fédéralistes, muscadins, émigrés rentrés en France et suspects élargis (déserteurs et brigands fournissant la piétaille). Leur action, à laquelle participent les élites sociales locales hostiles aux démocrates, paraît être centralisée. Animées surtout par un désir de vengeance, traquant les « bleus », ces compagnies pratiquent le massacre (99 morts dans les prisons de Lyon le 4 mai 1795), l'assassinat isolé ou l'expédition punitive contre tout individu lié à la Révolution. Le décret du 24 juin 1795, qui suspend les corps administratifs de Lyon, désarme la Garde nationale, nomme d'autres représentants en mission et menace d'une intervention militaire, met un terme à l'essentiel des attentats, l'action politique ou vengeresse tournant par la suite au brigandage.
Jemmapes (bataille de),
bataille, conclue par une victoire française, qui oppose, le 6 novembre 1792, à Jemmapes, dans les Pays-Bas autrichiens (aujourd'hui Jemappes, en Belgique), l'armée du Nord, commandée par le général Dumouriez, et l'armée autrichienne.
Après la victoire de Valmy (20 septembre 1792), qui inaugure triomphalement la République (la royauté est abolie le 21) en repoussant l'invasion dans le Nord, la France révolutionnaire prend l'offensive. Les girondins, qui dirigent la politique, sont alors en difficulté (guerre de défense, procès de Louis XVI et progrès du mouvement populaire) : prônant l'expansion révolutionnaire et la recherche des « frontières naturelles » de la France, ils voient dans la guerre extérieure une solution qui permettrait de fortifier tant l'union nationale que leur position politique. Aussi accèdent-ils aux pressions de Dumouriez, qui marche sur Mons (Belgique) en novembre 1792 avec 40 000 hommes. Le 6, l'armée du Nord attaque les troupes autrichiennes, formées de 13 000 hommes et dispersées « en cordon » à l'ouest de Mons sur plusieurs villages, dont Jemmapes. Si l'offensive française, menée de front, n'est guère audacieuse, elle parvient à percer la défense adverse, provoquant le repli des Autrichiens.
La victoire de Jemmapes, qui connaît un grand retentissement et alimente l'élan patriotique, permet la conquête de la Belgique - occupée jusqu'à la défaite de Neerwinden (18 mars 1793) - et la pénétration des forces françaises en Hollande. Mais cette guerre de conquête a pour conséquence l'entrée en lice de l'Angleterre et la formation de la première coalition (février 1793).
Je suis partout,
hebdomadaire politique fondé en novembre 1930 par Arthème Fayard, sur le modèle de Candide, qu'il avait lancé six ans plus tôt.
Je suis partout, dont la direction est confiée à Pierre Gaxotte, se définit comme un « grand hebdomadaire de la vie mondiale » résolument tourné vers l'information étrangère et la culture. Pourtant, très vite, il devient la tribune politique de jeunes écrivains et journalistes d'extrême droite, déçus par le « maurrassisme » et attirés par le fascisme, tels Claude Jeantet, Lucien Rebatet, Robert Brasillach, Henri Lèbre ou Pierre-Antoine Cousteau. La « fascisation » de la rédaction s'accentue lorsqu'en mai 1936 Arthème Fayard cède son journal à un groupe de commanditaires dominé par Charles Lesca. Sous la conduite de son nouveau rédacteur en chef Robert Brasillach (1937), Je suis partout se déchaîne alors contre le Front populaire et développe un antisémitisme de plus en plus virulent. Violemment anticommuniste, ne cachant pas son admiration pour l'Allemagne nazie, le titre rejoint le camp des néo- pacifistes au moment des accords de Munich (1938). Avant la guerre, son tirage oscille entre 40 000 et 80 000 exemplaires. Interdit en juin 1940 par le ministre de l'Intérieur Georges Mandel, l'hebdomadaire est autorisé par l'occupant à reparaître en février 1941. Je suis partout se distingue alors comme l'une des tribunes les plus enthousiastes du collaborationnisme, et les plus critiques à l'égard du gouvernement de Vichy, jugé trop conservateur et trop tiède à l'endroit du projet européen nazi. Après le départ, en mai 1943, de Brasillach, qui ne croit plus à la victoire de l'Allemagne, l'hebdomadaire, animé par Cousteau et Rebatet, et influencé par le Parti populaire français (PPF), se radicalise encore, exaltant la Légion des volontaires français (LVF) et la Milice. Peu avant sa disparition, en août 1944, Je suis partout tirait à environ 300 000 exemplaires.
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