Freed a le génie de réunir aux techniciens de la MGM, les meilleurs de l'époque, des artistes et des créateurs de l'extérieur. J. *Garland et M. *Rooney forment un couple exubérant à souhait, alors que G. *Kelly et F. *Astaire symbolisent deux styles de danse, plus moderne pour le premier, plus classique et racé pour le second. Autour de ces deux danseurs d'exception vont graviter C. *Charisse et L. *Caron, Jane Powell et D. *Reynolds, A. *Miller et J. Garland. Balayant le type de scénarios conventionnels trop souvent dévolus aux films du genre, la MGM permet à S. *Donen de passer de la chorégraphie à la réalisation et à V. *Minnelli de poursuivre la recherche de ses thèmes personnels les plus profonds. Le succès critique (*An American in Paris, *Singin' in the Rain) va de pair avec un accueil public encore plus chaleureux et on peut considérer que les années 1939-1955 marquent la perfection d'un genre. L'utilisation du technicolor de l'époque, le soin apporté par Cedric Gibbons au "look " des films, la beauté des costumes et des décors, l'intelligence des cinéastes (V. Minnelli, S. Donen, Ch. *Walters, G. *Sidney, B. *Berkeley ou Richard Thorpe), les chorégraphies signées par certains de ces derniers ou par J. *Cole, E. *Loring, B. *Connolly, et la présence d'une interprétation inégalable permettront à nombres d'œuvres de survivre aisément à l'érosion du temps, de The *Band Wagon à Brigadoon, de *Give a Girl a Break à *Show Boat.
Minée par les intrigues et financièrement menacée par la puissance de la télévision, la MGM renoncera au film musical en même temps qu'elle fermera son studio d'animation. Les réussites postérieures à 1955 seront peu nombreuses bien qu'éclatantes (Gigi, 1957) et ce n'est pas sans raison qu'en 1974 la MGM se rendra elle-même hommage en produisant That's Entertainment, un film de montage consacré aux grandes heures du musical, un genre disparu.
PBr
Metropolitan Opera Ballet.
Compagnie américaine attachée au Metropolitan Opera de New York.
Dès l'ouverture de l'opéra en 1883, une troupe de danseurs est constituée pour interpréter les épisodes dansés dans des œuvres lyriques. À défaut de véritable formation aux États-Unis, elle est alors surtout constituée de danseurs européens. Tous les rôles masculins sont interprétés par des femmes jusqu'à l'engagement en 1895 de L. *Albertieri comme " premier danseur ". En 1909, M. *Cavallazzi est chargée de mettre en place une école qui permet bientôt de faire appel à des interprètes américains. Se succéderont ensuite à la direction de l'école Pauline Verhoeven, Margaret Curtis et, de 1951 à sa fermeture en 1966, A. *Tudor et M. *Craske.
La troupe, tout en attirant régulièrement de remarquables danseurs (Rosina Galli, A. *Pavlova, M. *Mordkin, A. *Genee et par la suite F. *Doubrovska, Marina Svetlova, C. *de Lavallade, entre autres), n'aura cependant jamais d'existence autonome. En 1935, un contrat de résidence de trois ans est proposé à la compagnie de G. *Balanchine, mais cette tentative est un échec qui se reproduit en 1950 avec le *Ballet Theatre. La direction du ballet est alors assumée par Zachary Solov pendant sept ans durant lesquels la ballerine afro-américaine J. *Collins fait sensation. Après A. *Markova (1963-1969) qui organise plusieurs soirées dédiées au ballet, invitant notamment K. *Dunham et A. *Danilova, se succèdent à la direction N. *Vesak puis Donald Mahler qui parviennent à constituer un éphémère groupe de tournées. Depuis 1985, le " Met " se repose sur des directeurs et des chorégraphes invités, tout en continuant à faire appel à des étoiles extérieures.
MK
Jean METSIS (né en 1931) .
Danseur, chorégraphe et pédagogue grec.
Il est formé à l'école classique avec Leonidas Vacoulis et Angelo Grimanis et, en France, avec Mme Nora. Son séjour à New York en 1961 lui fait découvrir les divers courants de la danse. Il fait ses débuts en 1948 à l'Opéra d'Athènes où il est nommé étoile (1958) en même temps que chorégraphe et professeur. Il danse avec les compagnies de R. *Petit, du marquis de *Cuevas et de M. *Rambert. En 1965 il fonde le Ballet expérimental d'Athènes et, en 1969, son école. Ses chorégraphies sont d'inspiration *classique et *néoclassique. En tant que professeur, il a formé de nombreux danseurs et a contribué au renouveau de la danse *classique en Grèce dans les années 1970 et 1980.
ERou
Ilse MEUDTNER (1912-1990).
Danseuse allemande.
Ancienne championne de plongeon acrobatique, elle danse avec V. *Skoronel et H. *Kreutzberg avant de devenir soliste à l'Opéra de Berlin (1935-1940). Appréciée pour ses talents de pantomime, elle tourne en Europe durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale au service de la Wehrmacht. Elle achève sa carrière de chorégraphe à l'Opéra-Comique de Berlin (1951-1954), puis s'installe à Madrid comme journaliste.
LGui
Bibliographie. D. Steinbeck (éd.), I. Meudtner, " ...Tanzen konnte man immer noch ". Erinnerungen, Berlin, 1990.
Antonine MEUNIER (1877-1972) .
Danseuse et pédagogue française.
Elle fait carrière à l'Opéra de *Paris. Professeur dans le privé, elle met à profit son expérience pour rédiger un imposant ouvrage, la Danse classique, école française (Paris, 1931). La première partie, historique, est suivie d'une seconde, consacrée à la présentation d'un système de notation conjuguant abréviation et signes figuratifs ou arbitraires. Moyen mnémotechnique plutôt qu'analyse du mouvement, son système n'a pas de succès mais la description des pas et la définition des termes qui les désignent, mettent à l'honneur la technique française à une époque où l'enseignement de la danse à Paris est dispensé essentiellement par des Russes.
ERou
(Ballet national du) MEXIQUE.
Compagnie mexicaine fondée en 1948.
Créée par un groupe de danseur dissidents de la ligne formaliste imposée par l'enseignement officiel, il développe à ses débuts une intense activité de " danse pour le peuple ", se produisant à la fois sur des scènes improvisées et dans les grands théâtres. Sous la direction lucide de G. *Bravo, chorégraphe principal dès l'origine, la compagnie évolue au milieu des années 1960 d'une danse *moderne à tendance réaliste-expressionniste à une danse *contemporaine à vocation poétique où la signification de l'œuvre repose sur le mouvement et le dessin chorégraphique. Cette transition correspond à la professionnalisation de la danse mexicaine à laquelle participe l'introduction en 1963 de la technique *Graham comme base d'entraînement de la compagnie qui, depuis sa fondation, prend en charge la formation de ses danseurs. Celle-ci est aujourd'hui assurée au sein d'un Seminario de danza y experimentación coreografica instauré formellement en 1970. L'esprit communautaire des origines continue de présider au fonctionnement de la compagnie.
IC
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