Le contrôle des mouvements d'animaux est aussi particulièrement important : seuls les animaux issus de cheptels indemnes ou officiellement indemnes sont admis à transhumer ou à être introduits temporairement ou définitivement dans un autre cheptel.
Brugère-Picoux
bruche
Petit insecte coléoptère aux élytres courts, très voisin des charançons, et qui s'attaque aux graines de légumineuses (pois, haricots, fève, lentilles) [genre principal Bruchus, famille des bruchidés].
Les bruches mesurent de 3 à 5 mm de long. Au stade larvaire, elles vivent dans les graines de légumineuses, où elles peuvent causer des dégâts importants.
Parmi les espèces les plus nuisibles, on peut citer la bruche du pois (Bruchus pisorum), la bruche de la fève (B. rufimanus) et la bruche du haricot (Acanthos-celides obtectus). Pour lutter contre les deux premières espèces, il est possible d'effectuer des traitements, au moment de la floraison des légumineuses, avec des insecticides inoffensifs pour les abeilles. Contre la bruche du haricot, on désinfecte les graines et les locaux.
STREBLER/RAYNAL
brûlure
1. Chez les végétaux, altération de la fleur, du fruit, de la feuille ou de l'écorce, provoquée par l'épandage d'un produit agressif (produit de traitement, engrais). 2. Chez les animaux, lésion des tissus provoquée par l'excès de chaleur (flamme, corps brûlant, eau bouillante, vapeur), par l'électricité, les rayons X, la foudre, les produits chimiques acides ou caustiques.
Chez les animaux, les brûlures superficielles du derme cicatrisent en une quinzaine de jours. Les brûlures profondes affectant les tissus hypodermiques exigent un temps de réparation beaucoup plus long et nécessitent parfois une opération chirurgicale. Elles donnent prise à des infections bactériennes (suppuration, tétanos, gangrène) qu'il faut également prévenir.
Mazoyer
brumisation
1. Procédé utilisé en phytopathologie, visant à appliquer un pesticide sous forme de brouillard. 2. En horticulture, technique consistant à soumettre à un brouillard intermittent des boutures feuillues herbacées ou ligneuses. AUTRES NOMS. : nébulisation, bouturage sous brouillard, mist system.
En horticulture, la brumisation a l'avantage de maintenir la turgescence des tissus et de diminuer la durée de l'enracinement. Une période d'adaptation consécutive au traitement est nécessaire, au cours de laquelle on procède à une diminution progressive des nébulisations (pour que la plante s'adapte aux conditions dans lesquelles elle sera placée ensuite), tout en répondant aux exigences particulières de l'espèce. La cadence et la durée des brouillards peuvent être programmées et commandées par divers appareils.
L'application de substances de croissance et le chauffage du substrat sont parfois associés à la brumisation pour l'accélération de l'enracinement.
AUBINEAU
brune
Race bovine laitière originaire de l'est de la Suisse, aujourd'hui implantée dans de nombreux pays à travers le monde.
À l'origine race de type mixte lait et viande, la brune s'est progressivement répandue dans les pays limitrophes de la Suisse ainsi que, compte tenu de sa bonne adaptation à la chaleur, dans tous les pays du pourtour méditerranéen. Implantée il y a plus d'un siècle en Amérique du Nord et là sélectionnée pour le lait, la race a évolué vers un type laitier plus spécialisé (brown swiss) qui a été, à partir des années 1970, introduit en Europe et croisé avec la race brune originelle pour augmenter le potentiel laitier de cette dernière.
La brune actuelle est ainsi une race de grand format (poids adulte : 600 à 750 kg pour les femelles, 900 à 1 000 kg pour les mâles), à robe uniforme brune, à haut potentiel laitier (lactation moyenne des vaches adultes en 1999 : 7 794 kg de lait à 40,5 % de taux butyreux et 35 % de taux azoté), et à développement musculaire correct.
En France, la race (32 000 vaches) est localisée dans trois régions : le Nord-Est, le sud du Massif central et le nord des Pyrénées.
Bougler
brunification
Évolution d'un sol vers un sol de type brun forestier dans les régions à climat continental peu humide.
Ce processus pédologique se caractérise par une activité biologique forte qui favorise la liaison entre les argiles et le fer. Il aboutit à des complexes « argile-humus-fer » stables. L'épisolum est un mull et l'horizon A est biomacrostructuré. Les altérations sont modérées et il y a une faible néogenèse d'argile. C'est une pédogenèse jeune, ou bien plus ancienne mais qui est bloquée, par exemple, par une faible perméabilité du matériau sous-jacent.
MCGirard
brunisol
Sol dont la formation est caractérisée par le processus de brunification. SYN. : sol brun.
On trouve les brunisols sous les climats tempérés atlantiques ou semi-continentaux, quand la pédogenèse est encore récente (sols « jeunes »), ou chaque fois que l'illuviation est ralentie par un facteur écologique (faible perméabilité des horizons sous-jacents). Ce sont de bons sols de cultures, dont les qualités dépendent principalement de leur taux de saturation, du type de matériau dans lequel ils sont développés et de leur épaisseur. Ils se caractérisent par un horizon S qui n'est jamais calcaire et dont la macroporosité fissurale et biologique est très importante. Cet horizon, s'il est exploré par les racines, permet aux cultures d'été de résister à la sécheresse.
MCGirard
brunissure
Maladie physiologique de la vigne, caractérisée par le brunissement (couleur chocolat) de la face supérieure des feuilles, suivi très souvent de la dessiccation de celles-ci.
La brunissement des feuilles est un symptôme ultime, qui se manifeste quel que soit le cépage atteint, mais il est précédé par d'autres, très variables (rougissement, jaunissement des feuilles). La brunissure survient pendant la phase de maturation du raisin. Elle est causée par un manque de potassium dans le sol et aggravée par de multiples facteurs : sécheresse, taille trop importante, sensibilité des cépages, déséquilibre entre potassium et magnésium... Une analyse de sol s'impose afin d'apporter la quantité nécessaire de potassium et de rétablir les équilibres nutritifs.
Raynal
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