La production mondiale de cerises est de l'ordre de 1 550 000 t. Elle est assurée à 80 % par l'Europe. En France, on compte 30 000 ha plantés de cerisiers, dont 12 000 ha en vergers commerciaux. L'importance du verger semble être en accroissement et se situe pour environ 75 % dans la vallée du Rhône, le Var et le Roussillon. La production française s'étale sur deux mois et demi, de la fin d'avril au début de juillet ; en 1997, 65 000 t ont été commercialisées, dont 47 000 t vendues fraîches. Les importations en frais portent sur des quantités très limitées. Les exportations sont de l'ordre de 13 000 t.
Du côté de l'industrie de transformation, les fruits confits sont exportés surtout vers le Royaume-Uni et les États-Unis. La production de cerises à kirsch est concentrée à Fougerolles (Haute-Saône) et en Alsace.
Mauget
cernage
Opération visant à creuser une tranchée autour d'un arbre soit pour remplacer sa terre, soit pour renouveler un système racinaire en vue de la transplantation (la coupe de racines existantes provoquant l'apparition de nouvelles petites racines).
Dorion
cerne
Anneau ligneux concentrique correspondant à la formation annuelle du bois, visible sur la coupe transversale d'un tronc d'arbre.
Un cerne est composé d'une partie claire qui correspond au bois de printemps (bois initial), constitué de vaisseaux larges à parois minces, et d'une partie foncée qui correspond au bois d'automne (bois final), constitué de vaisseaux étroits aux parois épaisses.
Chaillou
ceroma
Membrane recouvrant la base du bec chez le pigeon.
Bougler/Gallouin
césarienne
Opération chirurgicale consistant à ouvrir la cavité abdominale puis l'utérus pour extraire un fœtus qui ne peut pas être mis bas par les voies naturelles.
S'appliquant à toutes les femelles de mammifères, la césarienne est très utilisée chez les ruminants, en particulier chez les vaches de certaines races à viande, dont les très gros veaux empêchent une mise bas normale. Elle doit respecter des règles d'hygiène et d'asepsie très strictes.
Mialot
cespiteux, cespiteuse
Se dit d'une plante ou d'un organe végétal formant une touffe compacte.
Girard
cétose
Maladie métabolique touchant les vaches laitières fortes productrices dans les semaines suivant la mise bas. autres noms : acétose, acétonémie.
La cétose est due à une accumulation de corps cétoniques (acétone, acide acétyl-acétique, ...) dans le sang par suite d'une défaillance du métabolisme glucidique. Les symptômes sont souvent frustes : au début, l'animal présente essentiellement une chute de l'appétit, associée à une diminution de la production laitière et, souvent, à un amaigrissement, qui peut devenir spectaculaire si l'évolution se poursuit. On perçoit alors une odeur caractéristique de pomme de reinette à chaque expiration de l'animal, qui est le plus souvent constipé et abattu.
La cétose est fréquente lorsque l'alimentation ne permet pas aux vaches de couvrir les pertes glucidiques imposées par la production laitière. Ce déséquilibre glucidique provoque une utilisation des graisses corporelles pour la synthèse des glucides. Lorsque cette synthèse est insuffisante, elle conduit à un excès de production de corps cétoniques, aisément mis en évidence dans le lait et l'urine à l'aide de réactifs spécifiques.
Le traitement est d'autant plus efficace qu'il est administré précocement et consiste à apporter des substances qui compensent les pertes glucidiques (polyéthylène glycol, soluté glucosé hypertonique injecté par voie intraveineuse, ...) ou qui restaurent une néoglycogenèse suffisante (corticoïdes).
La prophylaxie est essentiellement d'ordre alimentaire : on doit éviter un excès d'engraissement pendant la période de tarissement en rationnant les animaux et donner aux vaches un apport nutritionnel maximal, surtout en énergie (céréales...), pendant les 6 premières semaines qui suivent le vélage.
Bougler/Gallouin
ceuthorrhynque
Charançon s'attaquant aux crucifères, sur lesquels il provoque des gales ou des déformations (genre Ceuthorrhynchus, famille des curculionidés).
STREBLER/RAYNAL
chai
Pièce destinée à la fabrication et à la conservation des vins et des eaux-de-vie.
Aubineau
chaîne
Organe de transmission ou de manutention formé d'anneaux métalliques passés les uns dans les autres.
Parmi les chaînes de transmission, qui suppriment tout glissement, la chaîne de Galle comprend des lames parallèles assemblées deux à deux par des axes rivés. La chaîne de Vaucanson est formée de maillons aux extrémités articulées sur la partie supérieure du maillon suivant.
Pour la manutention, on utilise des chaînes calibrées à gros anneaux allongés et des chaînes à maillons étançonnés diamétralement. Les chaînes d'attelage et celles des nettoyeurs de fumier, par ex., sont généralement des chaînes calibrées.
Aubineau
chaîne d'affouragement
Ensemble des éléments techniques relatifs à la valorisation des fourrages, de la plante à l'animal.
Une acception plutôt ancienne du terme se réfère à la notion plus actuelle de calendrier fourrager qui permet à l'éleveur de disposer d'une quantité suffisante et continue de fourrages tout au long de l'année. Cette notion intègre divers critères décisionnels : choix des espèces végétales (graminées, légumineuses, fourrages annuels), à rendement et valeur alimentaire différents, choix de variétés à précocités échelonnées, dates d'implantation, niveau de fertilisation, stade de récolte et modalités de valorisation du fourrage (pâturage, foin ou ensilage), délai entre deux cycles de récolte successifs
Une autre acception du terme représente l'ensemble des techniques et des matériels mis en oeuvre sur une exploitation pour la production (mise en place), la récolte (stade de récolte, type de pâturage, hauteur de coupe, taille de hachage), la conservation (foin ou ensilage) et la distribution (libre-service, reprise mécanique) des fourrages.
Chapoutot
chaleur animale
Chaleur dégagée par un animal vivant.
La chaleur animale comprend la chaleur vitale et l'extra-chaleur.
Brugère
chaleur latente de fusion
Énergie prélevée par le passage de l'eau solide (glace) à l'eau liquide, ou énergie libérée lors de la prise en glace de l'eau liquide. SYN : chaleur latente de condensation..
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