Le désherbage est surtout important l'année de l'implantation d'une prairie artificielle ou temporaire, lorsque la compétitivité de l'espèce semée est encore faible. Progressivement, la prairie vieillissant, elle peut être envahie par diverses adventices spécifiques. Un désherbage sur prairie âgée, s'il peut être techniquement envisagé, se justifie rarement sur le plan économique. Si les parcelles sont uniquement dévolues à la pâture, on se borne à pratiquer la fauche des refus (touffes de végétaux moins appétents que les animaux à la pâture laissent de place en place dans une prairie) une fois par an, ce qui permet de limiter leur extension. D'autres interventions phytosanitaires peuvent s'imposer (par exemple lutte contre les limaces lors de l'implantation d'une luzerne), mais elles sont globalement beaucoup plus rares qu'en grande culture.
Roger-Estrade
pralinage
Opération consistant, avant la plantation, à tremper les racines d'une plante dans un mélange pâteux, protecteur et nutritif.
Le mélange est composé de terre argileuse, d'engrais organique et d'eau (les graines peuvent subir le même traitement pour l'amélioration de leur germination).
Dorion/Roger-Estrade
pré
Prairie permanente dont le mode d'exploitation dominant est la fauche.
En général, il s'agit d'une prairie qui, située sur des sols trop humides ou trop loin du centre de l'exploitation pour être pâturée, est utilisée pour la production de foin.
Roger-Estrade
préalpes du Sud
Race ovine rustique originaire de la région du même nom.
Les brebis, de bon format (50 à 70 kg de poids vif), appréciées pour leur précocité sexuelle et leur prolificité, font en outre preuve d'une bonne aptitude au désaisonnement, ce qui permet d'accroître le rythme d'agnelage. La race (260 000 brebis) se caractérise aussi par sa rusticité ; elle peut ainsi s'adapter tant aux régions méditerranéennes sèches de type garrigue (pour les animaux les plus délainés) qu'aux estives de haute montagne (pour les sujets très couverts).
Bougler
précédent cultural
Culture précédant immédiatement dans le temps celle dont on parle.
La nature du précédent cultural ainsi que la manière dont il a été cultivé influencent l'état du champ cultivé pour la culture qui suit. On appelle effet précédent les transformations du champ (tassements, modifications des quantités d'éléments minéraux dans le sol, etc.) liées à la présence d'un précédent cultural.
Doré
précipitation
1. Climatologie. Ensemble des apports d'eau sur une surface dus aux pluies, à la rosée, au dépôt de gouttelettes provenant de brumes ou de brouillards et à la captation de gouttelettes d'eau apportées par convection, par les nuages ou les brouillards qui rencontrent ces surfaces.
2. Chimie. Réaction chimique entre au moins deux espèces dissoutes formant un composé insoluble ou faiblement soluble qui précipite.
On parle habituellement de la précipitation des protéines. Cette réaction, réversible, est mise en œuvre à des fins de purification des protéines.
Bermond
précocité
1. Phytotechnie. Aptitude d'une variété végétale à atteindre un stade donné de développement plus rapidement qu'une autre.
La précocité peut être notée à divers stades. Ainsi, chez une graminée, on peut parler de précocité de tallage, de montaison, d'épiaison, de floraison, de maturité. On exprime la précocité soit en valeur absolue (nombre de jours ou somme des températures séparant la levée du stade concerné), soit de façon relative, par rapport à des variétés témoins. Sur le plan cultural, le choix de variétés de précocités échelonnées permet l'étalement des récoltes.
La précocité est une qualité recherchée lorsque l'on veut raccourcir le cycle végétatif dans les régions où la durée de la saison propice aux cultures est courte.
2. Zootechnie. Aptitude d'un animal à atteindre rapidement la puberté et, en conséquence, une composition corporelle proche de celle de l'adulte (engraissement).
Chez les bovins, par exemple, les races laitières sont, en moyenne, plus précoces que les allaitantes ; parmi ces dernières, les races d'origine britannique, autrefois sélectionnées pour leur aptitude à déposer du gras, sont plus précoces que les races françaises issues de races anciennement utilisées pour le travail.
Bougler/Gallouin
préculture
Technique permettant, l'année même de la récolte, le contrôle de l'état sanitaire de plants de pomme de terre qui seront commercialisés et cultivés l'année suivante.
Basée sur l'aptitude de la monochlorhydrine du glycole (« rindite ») à rompre le repos végétatif, la préculture comprend : le prélèvement, à la fin de juillet, des échantillons de tubercules dans les champs de multiplication (au moins 100 tubercules pour 5 ha) ; le traitement des tubercules ou seulement des œilletons pendant 48 heures aux vapeurs de rindite ; la plantation au champ ou en serre après 8 jours seulement de germination à 20-22 °C ; le contrôle de l'état sanitaire à la fin de septembre et au début d'octobre.
Roger-Estrade
prédateur
Animal vivant aux dépens d'autres animaux, dont il se nourrit (par ex. : le loup, la coccinelle).
Bougler/Gallouin
prédation
Mode de vie caractérisé par le fait qu'un être vivant tire sa nourriture de la consommation d'un autre être vivant ou préalablement tué.
La prédation est une interaction à bénéfice univoque où un prédateur (en général le plus grand des organismes en présence) ingère une proie.
Davila
préfanage
Abaissement partiel et rapide de la teneur en eau d'un fourrage, réalisé après la coupe et avant le fanage proprement dit.
Le préfanage peut être envisagé pour réduire la durée de dessiccation du fourrage dans la méthode de récolte par voie sèche conduisant au foin ou au fourrage déshydraté, mais il est utilisé le plus souvent pour abaisser le taux d'humidité dans la méthode de récolte par voie humide conduisant à l'ensilage. L'opération a pour but de réduire les fermentations parasites, butyriques en particulier, génératrices de pertes, en cherchant à obtenir des teneurs en matière sèche de 35 à 40 % pour les fourrages hachés destinés aux silos horizontaux, et de 45 à 50 % pour les fourrages longs ensilés en balles cylindriques enrubannées. Le préfanage se distingue du « ressuyage » qui amène le fourrage à 20 ou 30 % de matière sèche seulement, valeur intéressante pour diminuer les pertes par écoulement de jus dans les silos, mais insuffisante pour assurer une conservation parfaite sans ajout de conservateur. Préfanage et ressuyage sont obtenus par les systèmes de conditionnement (pliage, frottement, écrasement, chocs, laminage ou brossage des fourrages) équipant les faucheuses-conditionneuses, ou par des appareils spécialisés appelés conditionneurs.
Aubineau/RE
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