Le traitement de la syngamose est difficile. Les benzimidazoles incorporés à l'eau de boisson ou aux aliments donnent des résultats favorables. On doit empêcher l'infestation en abandonnant et en stérilisant les terrains contaminés, en luttant contre les « hôtes de transport » par des épandages de sulfate de cuivre ou de sulfate ferreux, en faisant subir une quarantaine aux nouveaux animaux introduits dans l'élevage et en évitant d'élever ensemble des poulets, des dindons, des faisans, des perdrix.
Guillot
système de culture
1. Ensemble des modalités techniques mises en œuvre sur des parcelles traitées de manière identique, défini par la nature des cultures, leur ordre de succession et les itinéraires techniques appliqués à ces différentes cultures.
La notion de système de culture, lequel prend en charge la durée de l'activité agricole au-delà de l'année culturale, est utilisée par les agronomes tant pour l'évaluation que pour la conception de manières de produire.
En termes analytiques, le système de culture équivaut à l'ensemble des actions de l'homme modifiant le champ cultivé, qu'elles soient temporellement proches (itinéraire technique appliqué à la culture observée) ou éloignées (pratiques sur des cultures antérieures, qui induisent des arrière-effets). En termes prévisionnels, il « annonce » que l'évolution du champ cultivé sera fonction des interactions entre les différentes actions menées sur le champ.
À côté de cette dimension de complétude (et de prise en charge des interactions), le système de culture a une dimension de logique humaine, particulièrement explicitée dans la définition de l'itinéraire technique, qui transfère ses propriétés d'organisation au concept plus global qui l'inclut : c'est une suite « logique et ordonnée » d'actions. De ce point de vue, le système de culture peut également être défini, pour une portion de territoire traitée de façon homogène, par un plan d'action appliqué à la production végétale.
2. Grand type de façon de produire (système de culture itinérant de défriche-brûlis, de grande culture, de culture inondée ; système de culture intensif, extensif, intégré).
Doré
système d'informations géographiques
Système informatique permettant, à partir de diverses sources, de rassembler et d'organiser, de gérer, d'analyser et de combiner, d'élaborer et de présenter des informations localisées géographiquement contribuant notamment à la gestion de l'espace. abrév. : SIG.
Ce système comporte un ensemble sémantique : une banque de données multi- ou monothématique, et un ensemble graphique permettant d'effectuer l'analyse spatiale des données ponctuelles, linéaires ou surfaciques.
MCGirard
système d'unité d'alimentation
Concept utilisé en alimentation animale permettant de quantifier et de gérer les flux d'éléments nutritionnels dans l'organisme animal (matière sèche, énergie, éléments azotés, minéraux, vitamines).
Un système d'unité d'alimentation doit pouvoir quantifier, au même niveau dans l'organisme, à la fois les flux entrants, c'est-à-dire l'offre nutritionnelle du régime ingéré, et les flux sortants, c'est-à-dire la demande de l'animal en vue d'assurer l'entretien de son organisme et l'élaboration de ses produits. À un flux de matière ou d'élément nutritif s'applique un système d'unité. Les systèmes d'unités doivent être additifs, permettant de cumuler les apports nutritionnels des divers aliments de la ration et de caractériser les besoins totaux des animaux assurant simultanément plusieurs fonctions physiologiques (entretien, gestation, lactation, croissance, production d'œufs). Ils s'appuient, d'une part, sur la prédiction de la valeur alimentaire des aliments à partir de leur composition chimique et, d'autre part, sur la prévision des besoins des animaux en fonction du niveau de performances assuré par l'animal et de la qualité des produits animaux synthétisés, en intégrant par ailleurs les recommandations alimentaires propres à chaque système de production. Ils doivent être évolutifs, c'est-à-dire conçus pour permettre d'intégrer les nouvelles connaissances et suivre ainsi la progression de la recherche scientifique. Les systèmes d'unités d'alimentation ont été les fondements d'une alimentation rationalisée : ils ont permis la mise en place des principes de rationnement. Ils sont complétés actuellement par une démarche sensiblement différente, basée sur l'étude et la prise en compte des lois de réponse des animaux aux variations des apports des régimes. Ces lois de réponse se traduisent par des évolutions, souvent curvilinéaires, des performances de production des animaux, de la qualité des produits, des rejets dans l'environnement, et peuvent conduire à un choix multiple d'optimum technico-économique selon les objectifs de la filière.
Chapoutot
système PDI
Système d'unités d'alimentation azotée mis en œuvre chez les animaux ruminants.
Le système PDI quantifie le flux global d'acides aminés absorbés au niveau intestinal (protéines digestibles dans l'intestin) à partir des éléments de la ration et permettant de répondre à la demande en acides aminés de l'organisme animal pour assurer ses synthèses de protéines. Le système PDI s'appuie sur l'estimation, d'une part, de la valeur azotée des aliments (valeurs PDIN et valeurs PDIE) et, d'autre part, du besoin des animaux (besoin PDI) pour assurer une fonction d'entretien et de synthèse de protéines dans les produits déposés (fœtus, viande) ou exportés (lait).
La valeur PDI (PDIN ou PDIE) des aliments représente le flux global d'acides aminés absorbés au niveau intestinal, qui résulte des phénomènes de digestion dans le tube digestif. Ce flux se décompose en un flux d'origine alimentaire (PDIA : protéines digestibles dans l'intestin d'origine alimentaire) et un flux d'origine microbienne (PDIM : protéines digestibles dans l'intestin d'origine microbienne). La valeur PDIA dépend de la teneur en matières azotées totales (MAT) des aliments, de la dégradabilité de ces MAT dans le rumen, qui résulte de l'activité protéolytique des micro-organismes du rumen, et de la digestibilité intestinale des protéines alimentaires non dégradées dans le rumen, issue de l'activité de digestion chimique et enzymatique dans la caillette et de digestion enzymatique puis d'absorption dans l'intestin grêle. La valeur PDIM des aliments est calculée dans deux situations différentes, selon que le facteur limitant principal de la synthèse de protéines par les microbes du rumen est l'azote, disponible sous forme d'ammoniaque (valeur PDIMN), ou les chaînes carbonées, disponibles sous forme de matière organique fermentescible (glucides principalement) et vecteur d'énergie pour les cellules microbiennes (valeur PDIME). Ainsi, le flux global d'acides aminés issus d'un aliment peut donc être soit sa valeur potentielle PDIN (PDIN = PDIA + PDIMN), soit sa valeur potentielle PDIE (PDIE = PDIA + PDIME) selon le cas. Les apports PDI des différents aliments, PDIN dans un cas ou PDIE dans l'autre cas, contribuent de façon additive au flux global PDIN ou PDIE de la ration et l'apport PDI réel du régime correspondra au plus petit de ces deux flux potentiels, PDIN ou PDIE.
>
We Care About Your Privacy
We and our 878 partners store and access personal data, like browsing data or unique identifiers, on your device. Selecting "I Accept" enables tracking technologies to support the purposes shown under "we and our partners process data to provide," whereas selecting "Reject All" or withdrawing your consent will disable them. If trackers are disabled, some content and ads you see may not be as relevant to you. You can resurface this menu to change your choices or withdraw consent at any time by clicking the ["privacy preferences"] link on the bottom of the webpage [or the floating icon on the bottom-left of the webpage, if applicable]. Your choices will have effect within our Website. For more details, refer to our Privacy Policy.
We and our partners process data to provide:
Use precise geolocation data. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Store and/or access information on a device. Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development.
About Your Privacy
Your Privacy
Targeting Cookies
Functional Cookies
Performance Cookies
Strictly Necessary Cookies
Store and/or access information on a device 712 partners can use this purpose
Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development 846 partners can use this purpose
Use precise geolocation data 267 partners can use this special feature
Actively scan device characteristics for identification 139 partners can use this special feature
Ensure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix errors 545 partners can use this special purpose
Deliver and present advertising and content 546 partners can use this special purpose
Match and combine data from other data sources 388 partners can use this feature
Link different devices 345 partners can use this feature
Identify devices based on information transmitted automatically 519 partners can use this feature
Save and communicate privacy choices 367 partners can use this special purpose
Your Privacy
We process your data to deliver content or advertisements and measure the delivery of such content or advertisements to extract insights about our website. We share this information with our partners on the basis of consent. You may exercise your right to consent, based on a specific purpose below or at a partner level in the link under each purpose. Some vendors may process your data based on their legitimate interests, which does not require your consent. You cannot object to tracking technologies placed to ensure security, prevent fraud, fix errors, or deliver and present advertising and content, and precise geolocation data and active scanning of device characteristics for identification may be used to support this purpose. This exception does not apply to targeted advertising. These choices will be signaled to our vendors participating in the Transparency and Consent Framework.
More information
Targeting Cookies
These cookies may be set through our site by our advertising partners. They may be used by those companies to build a profile of your interests and show you relevant adverts on other sites. They do not store directly personal information, but are based on uniquely identifying your browser and internet device. If you do not allow these cookies, you will experience less targeted advertising.
Functional Cookies
These cookies enable the website to provide enhanced functionality and personalisation. They may be set by us or by third party providers whose services we have added to our pages. If you do not allow these cookies then some or all of these services may not function properly.
Performance Cookies
These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance.
Strictly Necessary Cookies
Always Active
These cookies are necessary for the website to function and cannot be switched off in our systems. They are usually only set in response to actions made by you which amount to a request for services, such as setting your privacy preferences, logging in or filling in forms. You can set your browser to block or alert you about these cookies, but some parts of the site will not then work. These cookies do not store any personally identifiable information.
Store and/or access information on a device 712 partners can use this purpose
Cookies, device or similar online identifiers (e.g. login-based identifiers, randomly assigned identifiers, network based identifiers) together with other information (e.g. browser type and information, language, screen size, supported technologies etc.) can be stored or read on your device to recognise it each time it connects to an app or to a website, for one or several of the purposes presented here.
Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development 846 partners can use this purpose
Use limited data to select advertising 664 partners can use this purpose
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times an ad is presented to you).
Create profiles for personalised advertising 533 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (such as forms you submit, content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (for example, information from your previous activity on this service and other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (that might include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present advertising that appears more relevant based on your possible interests by this and other entities.
Use profiles to select personalised advertising 530 partners can use this purpose
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on your advertising profiles, which can reflect your activity on this service or other websites or apps (like the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects.
Create profiles to personalise content 236 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (for instance, forms you submit, non-advertising content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (such as your previous activity on this service or other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (which might for example include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present content that appears more relevant based on your possible interests, such as by adapting the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find content that matches your interests.
Use profiles to select personalised content 210 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on your content personalisation profiles, which can reflect your activity on this or other services (for instance, the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects. This can for example be used to adapt the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find (non-advertising) content that matches your interests.
Measure advertising performance 769 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which advertising is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine how well an advert has worked for you or other users and whether the goals of the advertising were reached. For instance, whether you saw an ad, whether you clicked on it, whether it led you to buy a product or visit a website, etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of advertising campaigns.
Measure content performance 382 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which content is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine whether the (non-advertising) content e.g. reached its intended audience and matched your interests. For instance, whether you read an article, watch a video, listen to a podcast or look at a product description, how long you spent on this service and the web pages you visit etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of (non-advertising) content that is shown to you.
Understand audiences through statistics or combinations of data from different sources 483 partners can use this purpose
Reports can be generated based on the combination of data sets (like user profiles, statistics, market research, analytics data) regarding your interactions and those of other users with advertising or (non-advertising) content to identify common characteristics (for instance, to determine which target audiences are more receptive to an ad campaign or to certain contents).
Develop and improve services 575 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service, such as your interaction with ads or content, can be very helpful to improve products and services and to build new products and services based on user interactions, the type of audience, etc. This specific purpose does not include the development or improvement of user profiles and identifiers.
Use limited data to select content 144 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type, or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times a video or an article is presented to you).
Use precise geolocation data 267 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, your precise location (within a radius of less than 500 metres) may be used in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Actively scan device characteristics for identification 139 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, certain characteristics specific to your device might be requested and used to distinguish it from other devices (such as the installed fonts or plugins, the resolution of your screen) in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Ensure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix errors 545 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Your data can be used to monitor for and prevent unusual and possibly fraudulent activity (for example, regarding advertising, ad clicks by bots), and ensure systems and processes work properly and securely. It can also be used to correct any problems you, the publisher or the advertiser may encounter in the delivery of content and ads and in your interaction with them.
Deliver and present advertising and content 546 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Certain information (like an IP address or device capabilities) is used to ensure the technical compatibility of the content or advertising, and to facilitate the transmission of the content or ad to your device.
Match and combine data from other data sources 388 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Information about your activity on this service may be matched and combined with other information relating to you and originating from various sources (for instance your activity on a separate online service, your use of a loyalty card in-store, or your answers to a survey), in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Link different devices 345 partners can use this feature
Always Active
In support of the purposes explained in this notice, your device might be considered as likely linked to other devices that belong to you or your household (for instance because you are logged in to the same service on both your phone and your computer, or because you may use the same Internet connection on both devices).
Identify devices based on information transmitted automatically 519 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it automatically sends when accessing the Internet (for instance, the IP address of your Internet connection or the type of browser you are using) in support of the purposes exposed in this notice.
Save and communicate privacy choices 367 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
The choices you make regarding the purposes and entities listed in this notice are saved and made available to those entities in the form of digital signals (such as a string of characters). This is necessary in order to enable both this service and those entities to respect such choices.