L'élevage représente un atout important dans une exploitation en agriculture biologique : il consomme les fourrages dont la culture est nécessaire pour diversifier les successions et il contribue, par les déjections des animaux, à la fertilisation. L'élevage biologique doit répondre à un cahier des charges strict : le REPAB-F, en vigueur en France depuis août 2000. Ce document précise les règles de conduite à appliquer aux animaux, lesquelles sont contrôlées annuellement par un organisme certificateur agréé par le ministère de l'Agriculture et de la Pêche. Ces règles concernent d'abord la conversion des troupeaux à ce type de production : pendant une période variable selon les espèces (6 ou 12 mois pour les bovins, par exemple), les animaux sont conduits selon les règles de l'élevage biologique sans que les produits obtenus puissent être vendus comme tels. Les animaux doivent ensuite être nourris avec des fourrages et des concentrés produits selon les normes de l'agriculture biologique. L'alimentation ne doit pas contenir plus de 1 % d'OGM. De plus, pour les ruminants, la part des aliments concentrés et l'utilisation des fourrages ensilés sont limitées. Une partie au moins des aliments consommés par le bétail doit provenir de l'exploitation. Le bien-être du cheptel doit être assuré, ce qui bannit l'attache permanente des animaux et impose le pâturage des ruminants lorsque les conditions atmosphériques le permettent, ou la présence de parcours pour les autres espèces. Dans le même objectif, l'élevage sans litière (caillebotis) est interdit. De même, les animaux doivent bénéficier d'un espace suffisant dans les bâtiments d'élevage (normes minimales). Certaines pratiques comme la castration et l'écornage sont autorisées si elles sont pratiquées dans de bonnes conditions ; par contre, le débecquage ou la coupe des dents sont interdits. La reproduction peut être assurée par monte naturelle ou insémination artificielle, mais les traitements hormonaux visant à grouper les chaleurs ou la transplantation embryonnaire sont interdits. La santé des animaux doit être maintenue en utilisant au maximum les moyens préventifs. Les traitements allopathiques (antibiotiques, antiparasitaires) sont limités en nombre et le recours aux médecines alternatives (homéopathie, phytothérapie, etc.) est recommandé. Les animaux sont abattus à un âge minimal, fixé par le cahier des charges (par exemple, 81 jours pour le poulet de chair), dans des conditions visant à limiter le stress.
L'agriculture biologique est donc avant tout une obligation de moyen, pas de résultats. Même si un certain nombre d'études soulignent que les produits « bios » sont plus sains que lorsqu'ils sont produits en agriculture « intensive », il faut se garder de faire un amalgame trop rapide entre qualité du mode de production et qualité du produit récolté. Ainsi, en agriculture biologique, les cultures sont moins protégées contre les fusarioses, ce qui peut entraîner la contamination des récoltes par des mycotoxines, cancérigènes. Par ailleurs, l'emploi d'amendements organiques dont on maîtrise mal la cinétique de minéralisation peut entraîner l'accumulation de nitrates dans certains légumes-feuilles.
Roger-Estrade/Haas
agriculture raisonnée
Mode de production visant à renforcer les impacts positifs des pratiques agricoles sur l'environnement tout en réduisant les effets négatifs, sans remettre en cause la rentabilité économique des exploitations. SYN. : agriculture intégrée.
L'agriculture raisonnée correspond à une démarche au niveau de l'exploitation dans son ensemble, et concerne toutes les productions et tous les ateliers. La pratique de l'agriculture raisonnée nécessite la mise en œuvre d'un ensemble de techniques adaptées au contexte de chaque exploitation, et ne peut de ce fait être entendue comme un ensemble normatif ; elle constitue par ailleurs une « démarche de progrès » prenant en compte l'affinement progressif des objectifs environnementaux et économiques.
Par rapport à l'agriculture intensive, laquelle s'appuie surtout sur une augmentation de l'utilisation des intrants, l'agriculture intégrée a recours à un élargissement des modalités d'intervention : c'est le cas au niveau de la protection des cultures, qui mêle méthodes de lutte biologiques, chimiques et culturales, valorisation des avertissements agricoles, etc. Cette combinaison de moyens est à l'origine du terme « agriculture intégrée », qui dans le vocabulaire français ne se distingue pas fondamentalement de l'agriculture raisonnée.
Doré
agro-alimentaire
1. Secteur de la transformation industrielle des produits agricoles en denrées alimentaires destinées aux hommes et aux animaux. 2. Ensemble des activités qui concourent à l'accomplissement de la fonction « alimentation », (production agricole ; stabilisation, transformation et distribution des produits agricoles). On emploie plutôt dans le premier cas l'expression industrie agro-alimentaire (I.A.A.), et dans le second, celle de filière agro-alimentaire.
L'agriculture livre des produits agricoles qui servent de matières premières à l'industrie agro-alimentaire. Celle-ci en extrait les principes utiles, stabilise les produits, les transforme, les adapte aux régimes alimentaires et les diversifie. On peut distinguer plusieurs niveaux de transformation. Ainsi, les industries de première transformation (par exemple, meunerie, malterie, amidonnerie, etc.) fournissent des produits alimentaires intermédiaires (P.A.I.) qui constituent des matières premières pour des industries de seconde transformation (brasserie, industries de panification, biscuiterie, etc.). L'organisation du secteur agro-alimentaire est devenue complexe, avec parfois 3, voire 4 niveaux de transformation pour aboutir au produit alimentaire final.
Plusieurs évolutions importantes du système agro-alimentaire ont marqué les deux dernières décennies. Globalement, la part de l'alimentation a diminué dans le budget des ménages. La restauration collective hors-foyer s'est considérablement développée, en relation avec l'évolution des conditions de travail. Dans les foyers, la demande pour des produits prêts à consommer ainsi que pour les portions individuelles s'est accentuée. Parallèlement, on a assisté à un développement considérable de la grande distribution. Enfin, le consommateur recherche plus de transparence en matière d'informations (allégations de composition, informations nutritionnelles, indications d'origine, etc.). Ces nouvelles exigences imposent une innovation permanente et le développement de gammes de produits variées, de plus en plus segmentées et élaborées.
Remeuf
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