Le sol doit être entretenu régulièrement par des façons superficielles de printemps, et les adventices doivent être éliminées. Quatre à huit ans après la plantation apparaît le « brûlis » (absence de plantes adventives autour de l'arbre), qui s'étend progressivement d'année en année. C'est l'indice d'une croissance intense du mycélium du champignon. Le travail du sol doit être réduit à un entretien très superficiel du brûlis.
La culture de la truffe exige aussi l'entretien des arbres (taille particulière avant production) et le recours au mulching (protection du sol contre la dessiccation) ou à l'irrigation d'appoint en été.
Récolte.
La récolte de la truffe se fait à l'aide d'un chien (ou parfois d'une truie) qui, grâce à son odorat, décèle le champignon dans le sol. La présence de la « mouche à truffes » (Helomyza tuberivora), dont la larve se développe dans la truffe, constitue une excellente indication de la présence des fructifications. Le rendement moyen d'une truffière cultivée bien entretenue, âgée de 15 à 40 ans, est de 30 à 40 kg par hectare.
Production.
La production mondiale de truffes du Périgord se situe entre 150 et 300 t par an, dont 30 à 80 t proviennent d'Italie (truffières sauvages essentiellement), 40 à 60 t d'Espagne (truffières sauvages exclusivement), et 50 à 100 t de France (truffières sauvages et cultivées).
Utilisations.
La truffe est un champignon digeste et de bonne valeur alimentaire et diététique. On l'apprécie surtout pour le parfum qu'elle communique aux préparations culinaires. Ce parfum est dû à un ensemble de substances aromatiques, dont le dosage naturel dépend de la maturité (composés organiques sulfurés). La truffe noire est utilisée pour de nombreuses préparations culinaires ; malheureusement, sa conservation par appertisation ou par séchage lui fait perdre une bonne part de son arôme.
Raynal
trufficulteur, trufficultrice
Personne qui s'occupe de la culture de la truffe.
Ney
trufficulture
Culture de la truffe.
Raynal
truffière
Endroit où poussent des truffes.
On reconnaît une truffière à la présence d'un « brûlis » caractérisé par la disparition de toute végétation adventice autour de l'arbre porteur de l'association avec la truffe. Le mycélium de celle-ci a en effet une activité antibiotique remarquable, et seules quelques plantes grasses (sédum) ou résistantes (épervière) peuvent subsister quelque temps.
Raynal
truie
Femelle reproductrice de l'espèce porcine, qui a déjà eu une portée. SYN. : coche. La jeune truie se nomme cochette.
Les truies peuvent être élevées en bâtiment ou en plein air. La gestation dure 113 jours environ. Au cours de cette période, les truies sont conduites dans des cases individuelles ou en groupes. Une semaine environ avant la date prévue de la mise bas, elles sont rentrées dans des salles de maternité, dans lesquelles les conditions d'hygiène sont très rigoureuses. Dans ce bâtiment, les truies sont réparties dans des cases qui comprennent une aire d'exercice pour les porcelets et une « cage » pour leur mère, à l'intérieur de laquelle les mouvements de la truie sont limités afin d'éviter les écrasements de porcelets.
Après la naissance des porcelets, en cas de conduite en bande, on égalise les portées en faisant adopter des porcelets de portées trop nombreuses par les truies qui ont eu les portées les plus petites. Les truies ont des besoins alimentaires très élevés dus à la production de lait. Elles reçoivent donc une quantité croissante d'un aliment très concentré en énergie et riche en protéines, pouvant atteindre 8 à 10 kg par jour (alimentation à volonté). Les porcelets sont sevrés à 21-28 jours. Les truies reviennent en chaleur 5 jours après le sevrage et sont alors mises à la reproduction, soit par insémination artificielle, soit par saillie.
Bourgeat
truite
Poisson de la famille des salmonidés, élevé traditionnellement en eau douce (truite arc-en-ciel), voire en eau de mer (truite commune, dite aussi truite fario).
Bougler/Gallouin
trutticulture
Élevage de truites.
La pisciculture intensive des truites arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss) est pratiquée dans des bassins allongés, ou race-ways, alimentés en eau courante par une source ou une rivière, où sont mis en élevage des alevins obtenus en écloserie. On parle aussi de salmoniculture continentale.
L'élevage de truites en mer est pratiqué avec la même espèce, ou avec la truite commune (Salmo trutta fario).
La production annuelle française est de 45 000 t environ.
Mariojouls
trypanosomose
Ensemble de maladies parasitaires infectieuses, inoculables mais non contagieuses (sauf la dourine), dues à la pullulation dans l'organisme de protozoaires flagellés appartenant au genre Trypanosoma.
Les trypanosomoses sont des maladies tropicales, pour la plupart transmises par des insectes hématophages : glossines en Afrique pour la maladie du sommeil chez l'homme et le nagana des animaux domestiques ; taons en Afrique, Asie et Amérique du Sud pour le surra ; punaises en Amérique centrale et du Sud pour la maladie de Chagas.
Les rypanosomoses se traduisent le plus souvent par des accès fébriles intermittents, avec anémie, amaigrissement et troubles nerveux. La prévention est assurée avant tout par l'élimination des insectes vecteurs ; il est également possible d'administrer des molécules actives (chimioprévention) durant les périodes à risques (saison des pluies) ou lors de la traversée des régions où les vecteurs sont particulièrement nombreux.
Guillot
tsuga
Conifères originaires d'Amérique du Nord ou d'Asie (genre Tsuga, famille des pinacées).
Tsuga heterophylla est le seul tsuga présentant, en France, un intérêt forestier. Son bois est comparable à celui de l'épicéa et s'utilise en construction, en menuiserie et pour la pâte à papier.
Décourt
tubercule
Organe de réserve de certaines plantes, généralement souterrain, fortement renflé du fait de l'accumulation de réserves nutritives.
Les tubercules peuvent être des portions renflées (tubérisées) de tige ou de racine. Ce sont par exemple des racines tubérisées chez la carotte (racine pivotante), le dahlia (racines fasciculées), la patate douce ; des tiges chez le chou-rave (tige principale aérienne), le céleri rave (hypocotyle), la pomme de terre (extrémités de tiges souterraines horizontales), le crosne du Japon (portions de rhizomes). Ils peuvent avoir une origine mixte : c'est l'ensemble racine pivotante plus hypocotyle qui est tubérisé chez le radis, la betterave, le rutabaga.
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