Les corps gras contenant beaucoup d'acides gras insaturés sont liquides à la température ordinaire (20oC) ; ils sont solides dans les autres cas.
Chez l'homme et les animaux monogastriques (chien, chat, porc, etc.), certains acides gras sont dits indispensables ou essentiels car ils ne peuvent être synthétisés par l'organisme : les acides linoléique, arachidonique, linolénique doivent donc se trouver dans les aliments.
Les 4 premiers acides gras sont dits volatils : acide acétique (CH3-COOH), acide propionique (CH3-CH2-COOH), acide butyrique (CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH), acide valérianique (CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH). Les acides gras volatils (AGV) sont produits dans le rumen des ruminants ou le gros intestin des monogastriques par l'action des micro-organismes sur les constituants de la ration (principalement les glucides plus ou moins complexes des végétaux).
GALLOUIN
acide humique
Substance humique de masse moléculaire élevée (de 50 000 à 300 000).
Les acides humiques sont des acides organiques polymérisés, à structure lâche, ce qui les rend hydrophiles. Ils sont solubles en milieu alcalin et extractibles en milieu acide. Certains sont floculés par le calcium, ce qui les lie aux argiles pour former le complexe argilo-humique.
Calvet
acide indole-acétique
Substance de croissance végétale aux rôles multiples, dont l'effet principal est la stimulation de l'élongation des cellules dans les jeunes tissus des méristèmes terminaux. ABRéV. : AIA.
Principale auxine naturelle, l'acide indole-3-acétique a été la première hormone végétale découverte.
Jullien
acide lactique
Monoacide abondant dans les produits laitiers fermentés (transformation microbienne du lactose) comme les yaourts, le lait ribot, etc.
On le trouve aussi dans les concombres, la charcuterie et le vin (fermentation de l'acide malique en acide lactique grâce aux bactéries malo-lactiques). C'est un agent de sapidité très courant dans les sodas, les limonades, les confiseries... et un conservateur (E 270).
GALLOUIN
acide naphtyl acétique
Produit de synthèse utilisé en arboriculture fruitière et agissant à la manière de l'auxine (acide indole acétique). SYN. : acide naphatlène acétique. ABRéV. : ANA.
Lapierre
acide phosphorique
1. Dans le domaine de la fertilisation, terme utilisé à la place d'anhydride phosphorique (formule P2O5). 2. Acide correspondant à cet anhydride (H3PO4).
L'acide phosphorique (H3PO4) est utilisé dans la fabrication d'engrais. Le superphosphate concentré est ainsi obtenu par traitement d'un phosphate naturel par de l'acide sulfurique et de l'acide phosphorique ; le superphosphate triple résulte d'une attaque de phosphate naturel par le seul acide phosphorique ; les phosphates d'ammonium sont obtenus par substitution d'une ou de deux fonctions acides de l'acide phosphorique par de l'ammonium. L'élimination de groupements OH de l'acide phosphorique conduit à la formation de divers acides polymérisés, dont le mélange constitue l'acide superphosphorique. Neutralisé par l'ammoniac, celui-ci permet d'obtenir des polyphosphates d'ammonium à teneur élevée en phosphore (par exemple, l'engrais liquide binaire N.P. à 14 % d'azote et 48 % de phosphore (P2O5) aux 100 litres).
De manière générale, les acides phosphoriques sont utilisés pour la fabrication d'engrais simples (superphosphates), binaires (N.P.) ou ternaires (N.P.K.).
L'information indispensable pour construire les protéines et permettre la réplication d'une cellule ou d'un organisme est portée par les acides désoxyribonucléiques, ou ADN (sauf chez certains virus), localisés au niveau des chromosomes. On appelle gène un fragment d'ADN correspondant à une information donnée. L'information portée par un gène est copiée sous forme d'une molécule d'acide ribonucléique, ou ARN, dénommée ARN messager (ARNm). Cette molécule d'ARN est ensuite traduite en une protéine, le code de traduction étant constitué par l'enchaînement de trois nucléotides de l'ARNm ou codon. Chaque acide aminé est codé par un ou plusieurs codons spécifiques. La traduction fait intervenir d'autres types d'ARN, les ARN de transfert (ARNt), chargés de transporter chaque acide aminé sur le lieu de synthèse de la protéine, et les ARN ribosomaux (ARNr), constituants des ribosomes qui sont les organites cellulaires sur lesquels se déroule cette synthèse.
Chaque nucléotide comprend une molécule de sucre (le désoxyribose pour l'ADN et le ribose pour l'ARN) porteuse d'un groupe phosphate et d'une base azotée. Les bases azotées sont de type purique (adénine A et guanine G) ou pyrimidique (cytosine C et thymine T dans l'ADN, cytosine et uracile U dans l'ARN). Les molécules d'ARN ont en général une seule chaîne de nucléotides. L'ADN est constitué le plus souvent de deux chaînes (ou brins) maintenues par des liaisons hydrogène entre bases azotées : A est toujours apparié à T et G à C. Les deux brins complémentaires, enroulés en double hélice, se séparent lors de la réplication des cellules et servent de modèle pour la synthèse d'un nouveau brin complémentaire. Ce mécanisme permet aux cellules mères de transférer aux cellules filles l'information génétique contenue dans l'enchaînement des nucléotides. Ces brins se séparent aussi lors de la transcription d'ADN en ARN, un seul brin (codant) étant transcrit en ARNm complémentaire. Des erreurs ou mutations peuvent se produire au cours de la réplication. Ces mutations, ponctuelles (au niveau d'un nucléotide) ou chromosomiques (modification plus importante sur un chromosome), sont responsables de l'évolution des êtres vivants et de pathologies (maladies génétiques, cancer). Les agents mutagènes (rayonnements UV, molécules toxiques, tabac) peuvent induire ces mutations. La transgenèse consiste à introduire dans les chromosomes un fragment d'ADN exogène. L'expression du transgène permet de conférer de nouvelles propriétés à l'être vivant (production de molécules à usage médical par les micro-organismes ou conservation post-récolte prolongée chez une variété de tomate, par exemple) ou de compenser le dysfonctionnement d'un gène défectueux (thérapie génique humaine). Cette technique est liée aux progrès dans la connaissance du génome (ensemble des gènes spécifiques d'un être vivant). En 2002, la totalité du génome humain a pu être décrypté ; le nombre de gènes serait compris entre 25 000 et 35 000.
Lapierre
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