Les élévateurs à bande sans fin sont équipés d'un tapis sans fin, muni parfois de nervures transversales, entraîné par des paires de rouleaux disposés en V. L'inclinaison du tapis est réglable jusqu'à un maximum de 60o.
Les élévateurs à chaîne sans fin sont pourvus d'une ou de plusieurs chaînes à maillons plats, munies de barrettes transversales et circulant dans une gaine en tôle. La largeur varie de 0,30 m pour les tubercules à 1,10 m pour les fourrages en vrac. Les barrettes sont adaptées aux différents produits. L'inclinaison, parfois réglable, varie de 40 à 60o.
Les élévateurs à godets sont constitués de godets fixés sur une courroie plate ou sur deux chaînes parallèles tendues entre deux poulies ou pignons. Ils servent à élever, verticalement à poste fixe, des produits pulvérulents ou du grain jusqu'à des hauteurs pouvant atteindre 50 m. On les trouve couramment dans les installations de stockage des grains, mais aussi à l'intérieur des moissonneuses-batteuses.
Aubineau
élève
Jeune animal destiné au renouvellement du cheptel.
Bougler/Gallouin
éleveur, éleveuse
Personne qui pratique l'élevage.
Bougler/Gallouin
éleveuse
Appareil de chauffage sous lequel se rassemblent les très jeunes animaux (poussins, porcelets).
Bougler/Gallouin
éliciteur
Molécule issue du métabolisme d'un champignon ou d'une bactérie phytopathogène, induisant chez la plante attaquée une cascade de réactions de défense qui entraînent la production de métabolites s'opposant à l'installation et au développement des agresseurs.
Raynal
éluviation
Processus de transfert de matériau d'un horizon à un autre de la couverture pédologique, engendrant une perte d'éléments fins dans l'horizon éluvié (ou appauvri).
MCGirard
emballage
Contenant de nature très variée dans lequel on place un produit ou une denrée destinés au transport et à la vente.
En alimentation, l'emballage remplit plusieurs fonctions. Il protège le produit, améliore sa conservation et l'isole du milieu extérieur, source de contamination et facteur d'altération potentiels. Il a également pour objet de présenter le produit sous une forme pratique et facilement utilisable. La tendance actuelle est marquée par le conditionnement en portion individuelle, de petite taille, et non plus en portions familiales. Le suremballage est également très répandu : il permet de regrouper en un seul élément de vente plusieurs portions de consommation individuelle. Enfin, l'emballage a un rôle d'information du consommateur. Outre les inscriptions liées à la marque, il doit comporter des indications légales concernant la composition du produit, ses caractéristiques nutritionnelles, éventuellement son origine ou sa provenance.
Les matériaux d'emballage sont très divers, depuis la traditionnelle boîte métallique jusqu'aux matières plastiques, en passant par le verre, le bois, le papier. Depuis plusieurs années, on assiste au développement des complexes multicouches : en associant des matériaux de natures différentes, par exemple carton, matière plastique, métal, on obtient des propriétés mécaniques et de perméabilité nouvelles, qui permettent d'améliorer la conservation de nombreux produits. Par ailleurs, on peut penser qu'à l'avenir, dans un souci de préservation de l'environnement, se développera de plus en plus l'utilisation d'emballages biodégradables.
Remeuf
emblavure
Au sens strict, terre semée en blé. Par abus de langage, surface consacrée à une culture quelconque dans une exploitation. SYN. : emblavement.
Doré
embouchage
Action d'ouvrir la bouche d'un animal afin d'en examiner l'intérieur.
Bougler/Gallouin
embouche
1. Prairie sur laquelle sont engraissés des animaux, en particulier des bovins. 2. Engraissement des animaux dans les pâturages.
Bougler/Gallouin
embrayage
Mécanisme qui permet de rendre progressivement solidaires deux arbres rotatifs coaxiaux indépendants et de les désolidariser très rapidement pour que l'un s'arrête pendant que l'autre continue de tourner.
Les matériels agricoles sont le plus souvent pourvus d'embrayages monodisques fonctionnant à sec pour séparer le moteur de la boîte de vitesses (simple effet). Des embrayages à sec à deux disques, à commande unique à double effet sur les tracteurs anciens ou à commandes séparées sur les tracteurs récents, permettent d'arrêter le tracteur indépendamment de la prise de force (dite alors « indépendante »).
Aubineau
embryon
Organisme végétal ou animal en voie de développement, de la fécondation de l'oeuf jusqu'à la réalisation d'une forme capable de vie autonome et active.
Chez les mammifères, ce terme est plus restrictif. L'embryon peut représenter soit l'oeuf fécondé à tous les stades de développement avant implantation (définition la plus souvent utilisée pour les animaux de production), soit les stades précédant le moment où l'apparence générale de l'adulte est acquise et où l'organogenèse est terminée (au début du 3e mois chez l'homme). Après le stade embryonnaire, on parle de fœtus.
Chavatte/Palmer
embryotomie
Intervention chirurgicale consistant à réduire le volume du fœtus, en cas de mort de celui-ci, par morcelage afin d'en assurer l'extraction par les voies naturelles.
L'embryotomie est de plus en plus remplacée par la césarienne.
Bougler/Gallouin
émétique
Substance ayant la propriété de provoquer des vomissements.
Chez les animaux, on utilise les émétiques contre certaines intoxications. Certaines spécialités phytosanitaires très toxiques doivent obligatoirement contenir un émétique pour provoquer un rejet du produit en cas d'ingestion accidentelle.
Bougler/Gallouin
émissaire de drainage
Voie d'eau, naturelle ou aménagée (canal), qui recueille les eaux collectées par les tuyaux de drainage ou par les canaux d'assainissement.
Roger-Estrade
émondage
Élagage des basses branches d'un arbre.
Mazoyer
émoussage
En boucherie, opération consistant à enlever les gras huileux de couverture des carcasses de bovins encore pantelantes.
Il est interdit (fraude) d'enlever les gras solides situés sur les muscles.
Gallouin
émousseuse
Herse à petites pointes plates servant à éliminer les mousses et les taupinières et souvent complétée par une barre d'ébousage (ébouseuse).
Aubineau
empattement
Distance entre les axes des essieux d'un tracteur mesurée en projection sur un plan horizontal.
Aubineau
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